A team of Chinese scientists from Sichuan University have built robot fish that are soft to touch similar to that of real fish.
A Reuters report quoted the scientist saying that there is an inbuilt feature to these robotic fish that helps them eat microplastics from the water body they are kept in. 
The robot fish are just 1.3 centimeters or 0.5 inches in size.
 The team of Chinese scientists have already tested the efficiency of the fishes in getting rid of the microplastics, by keeping them in the shallow water where they sucked up all the microplastics away.
Another amazing feature of these fishes is that they can swim upto 2.76 body lengths per second, faster than most artificial soft robots. These fishes are able to absorb pollutants and recover themselves even when it is damaged.
These black robot fishes left in water can still be controlled by the scientists from outside to avoid crashing into other fishes or ships for that matter with the irradiated light feature, helping it to flap its fins and wiggle its body.
The scientists told Reuters that if the robot fish is accidentally eaten by other fish, it can be digested without any harm as it is made from polyurethane, which is also biocompatible.
The fish is able to absorb pollutants and recover itself even when it is damaged.

China develops self-healing robot fish that can gobble microplastics

A Reuters report quoted the scientist saying that there is an inbuilt feature to these robotic fish that helps them eat microplastics from the water body they are kept in.&nbsp;

A team of Chinese scientists from Sichuan University have built robot fish that are soft to touch similar to that of real fish.
A Reuters report quoted the scientist saying that there is an inbuilt feature to these robotic fish that helps them eat microplastics from the water body they are kept in.&nbsp;
The robot fish are just 1.3 centimeters or 0.5 inches in size.
&nbsp;The team of Chinese scientists have already tested the efficiency of the fishes in getting rid of the microplastics, by keeping them in the shallow water where they sucked up all the microplastics away.
Another amazing feature of these fishes is that they can swim upto 2.76 body lengths per second, faster than most artificial soft robots. These fishes are able to absorb pollutants and recover themselves even when it is damaged.
These black robot fishes left in water can still be controlled by the scientists from outside to avoid crashing into other fishes or ships for that matter with the irradiated light feature, helping it to flap its fins and wiggle its body.
The scientists told Reuters that if the robot fish is accidentally eaten by other fish, it can be digested without any harm as it is made from polyurethane, which is also biocompatible.
The fish is able to absorb pollutants and recover itself even when it is damaged.
Also watch: <a href="https://www.editorji.com/editorji-specials/nature-based-solutions-the-answer-to-water-pollution-1643363419292">Nature based solutions: the answer to water pollution?</a>

NASA's James Webb Space Telescope has detected signs of water, along with evidence for clouds and haze, in the atmosphere of a hot, puffy gas giant planet orbiting a Sun-like star over a thousand light years away, the US space agency said on Wednesday.
The observation is the most detailed of its kind to date, demonstrating Webb's unprecedented ability to analyse distant atmospheres, according to NASA. WASP-96 b is one of more than 5,000 confirmed exoplanets in the Milky Way.
Located roughly 1,150 light-years away in the southern-sky constellation Phoenix, it represents a type of gas giant that has no direct analogue in our solar system, it said in a statement.
With a mass less than half that of Jupiter and a diameter 1.2 times greater, WASP-96 b is much puffier than any planet orbiting our Sun. With a temperature greater than 538 degrees Celsius, it is significantly hotter.
WASP-96 b orbits extremely close to its Sun-like star, just one-ninth of the distance between Mercury and the Sun, completing one circuit every three-and-a-half Earth-days, according to NASA.
The combination of large size, short orbital period, puffy atmosphere, and lack of contaminating light from objects nearby in the sky makes WASP-96 b an ideal target for atmospheric observations.
While the Hubble Space Telescope has analysed numerous exoplanet atmospheres over the past two decades, capturing the first clear detection of water in 2013, Webb's immediate and more detailed observation marks a giant leap forward in the quest to characterise potentially habitable planets beyond Earth.
On June 21, Webb's Near-Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph (NIRISS) measured light from the WASP-96 system for 6.4 hours as the planet moved across the star.
This resulted in a light curve showing the overall dimming of starlight during the transit, and a transmission spectrum revealing the brightness change of individual wavelengths of infrared light between 0.6 and 2.8 microns.
The light curve confirmed properties of the planet that had already been determined from other observations - the existence, size, and orbit of the planet.
The transmission spectrum revealed the previously hidden details of the atmosphere: the unambiguous signature of water, indications of haze, and evidence of clouds that were thought not to exist based on prior observations.
A transmission spectrum is made by comparing starlight filtered through a planet's atmosphere as it moves across the star to the unfiltered starlight detected when the planet is beside the star.
Researchers are able to detect and measure the abundances of key gases in a planet's atmosphere based on the absorption pattern - the locations and heights of peaks on the graph.
In the same way that people have distinctive fingerprints and DNA sequences, atoms and molecules have characteristic patterns of wavelengths that they absorb.
The spectrum of WASP-96 b is not only the most detailed near-infrared transmission spectrum of an exoplanet atmosphere captured to date, but it also covers a remarkably wide range of wavelengths, including visible red light and a portion of the spectrum that has not previously been accessible from other telescopes, NASA said.
This part of the spectrum is particularly sensitive to water as well as other key molecules like oxygen, methane, and carbon dioxide.
Researchers will be able to use the spectrum to measure the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere, constrain the abundance of various elements like carbon and oxygen, and estimate the temperature of the atmosphere with depth.
They can then use this information to make inferences about the overall make-up of the planet, as well as how, when, and where it formed.

NASA's Webb Telescope detects water on a planet over 1,000 light years away

NASA's James Webb Space Telescope has detected signs of water, along with evidence for clouds and haze, in the atmosphere of a hot, puffy gas giant planet orbiting a Sun-like star over a thousand light years away, the US space agency said on Wednesday.

WASP-96 b orbits extremely close to its Sun-like star, just one-ninth of the distance between Mercury and the Sun, completing one circuit every three-and-a-half Earth-days, according to NASA.

NASA's James Webb Space Telescope has detected signs of water, along with evidence for clouds and haze, in the atmosphere of a hot, puffy gas giant planet orbiting a Sun-like star over a thousand light years away, the US space agency said on Wednesday.
The observation is the most detailed of its kind to date, demonstrating Webb's unprecedented ability to analyse distant atmospheres, according to NASA. WASP-96 b is one of more than 5,000 confirmed exoplanets in the Milky Way.
Located roughly 1,150 light-years away in the southern-sky constellation Phoenix, it represents a type of gas giant that has no direct analogue in our solar system, it said in a statement.
With a mass less than half that of Jupiter and a diameter 1.2 times greater, WASP-96 b is much puffier than any planet orbiting our Sun. With a temperature greater than 538 degrees Celsius, it is significantly hotter.
WASP-96 b orbits extremely close to its Sun-like star, just one-ninth of the distance between Mercury and the Sun, completing one circuit every three-and-a-half Earth-days, according to NASA.
The combination of large size, short orbital period, puffy atmosphere, and lack of contaminating light from objects nearby in the sky makes WASP-96 b an ideal target for atmospheric observations.
While the Hubble Space Telescope has analysed numerous exoplanet atmospheres over the past two decades, capturing the first clear detection of water in 2013, Webb's immediate and more detailed observation marks a giant leap forward in the quest to characterise potentially habitable planets beyond Earth.
On June 21, Webb's Near-Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph (NIRISS) measured light from the WASP-96 system for 6.4 hours as the planet moved across the star.
This resulted in a light curve showing the overall dimming of starlight during the transit, and a transmission spectrum revealing the brightness change of individual wavelengths of infrared light between 0.6 and 2.8 microns.
The light curve confirmed properties of the planet that had already been determined from other observations - the existence, size, and orbit of the planet.
The transmission spectrum revealed the previously hidden details of the atmosphere: the unambiguous signature of water, indications of haze, and evidence of clouds that were thought not to exist based on prior observations.
A transmission spectrum is made by comparing starlight filtered through a planet's atmosphere as it moves across the star to the unfiltered starlight detected when the planet is beside the star.
Researchers are able to detect and measure the abundances of key gases in a planet's atmosphere based on the absorption pattern - the locations and heights of peaks on the graph.
In the same way that people have distinctive fingerprints and DNA sequences, atoms and molecules have characteristic patterns of wavelengths that they absorb.
The spectrum of WASP-96 b is not only the most detailed near-infrared transmission spectrum of an exoplanet atmosphere captured to date, but it also covers a remarkably wide range of wavelengths, including visible red light and a portion of the spectrum that has not previously been accessible from other telescopes, NASA said.
This part of the spectrum is particularly sensitive to water as well as other key molecules like oxygen, methane, and carbon dioxide.
Also watch: <a href="https://www.editorji.com/world-news/dying-stars-to-galatic-interactions-nasa-releases-more-images-from-james-webb-telescope-1657647129993">Dying stars to galatic interactions: NASA releases more images from James Webb Telescope</a>
Researchers will be able to use the spectrum to measure the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere, constrain the abundance of various elements like carbon and oxygen, and estimate the temperature of the atmosphere with depth.
They can then use this information to make inferences about the overall make-up of the planet, as well as how, when, and where it formed.

The James Webb Space Telescope is the world's biggest and most powerful space telescope which rocketed away in December 2021 from French Guiana in South America. It reached its lookout point of 1.6 million kilometers from Earth in January. Then the lengthy process began to align the mirrors, get the infrared detectors cold enough to operate and calibrate the science instruments, all protected by a sunshade the size of a tennis court that keeps the telescope cool.
The plan is to use the telescope to peer back so far that scientists will get a glimpse of the early days of the universe about 13.7 billion years ago and zoom in on closer cosmic objects, even our own solar system, with sharper focus.
Webb is considered the successor to the highly successful, but aging Hubble Space Telescope. Hubble has stared as far back as 13.4 billion years. It found the light wave signature of an extremely bright galaxy in 2016. Astronomers measure how far back they look in light-years with one light-year being 9.3 trillion kilometers..
Jonathan Gardner, Webb's deputy project scientist says Webb can see backwards in time to just after the Big Bang by looking for galaxies that are so far away that the light has taken many billions of years to get from those galaxies to NASA's telescopes.
 

James Webb Space Telescope 'can see backwards in.time': all you need to know

James Webb Space Telescope 'can see backwards in time': all you need to know

James Webb Space Telescope 'can see backwards in time': all you need to know

The James Webb Space Telescope is the world's biggest and most powerful space telescope which rocketed away in December 2021 from French Guiana in South America. It reached its lookout point of 1.6 million kilometers from Earth in January. Then the lengthy process began to align the mirrors, get the infrared detectors cold enough to operate and calibrate the science instruments, all protected by a sunshade the size of a tennis court that keeps the telescope cool.
The plan is to use the telescope to peer back so far that scientists will get a glimpse of the early days of the universe about 13.7 billion years ago and zoom in on closer cosmic objects, even our own solar system, with sharper focus.
Webb is considered the successor to the highly successful, but aging Hubble Space Telescope. Hubble has stared as far back as 13.4 billion years. It found the light wave signature of an extremely bright galaxy in 2016. Astronomers measure how far back they look in light-years with one light-year being 9.3 trillion kilometers..
Jonathan Gardner, Webb's deputy project scientist says&nbsp; Webb can see backwards in time to just after the Big Bang by looking for galaxies that are so far away that the light has taken many billions of years to get from those galaxies to NASA's telescopes.
&nbsp;

Our view of the universe just expanded: The first image from NASA's new space telescope unveiled Monday is brimming with galaxies and offers the deepest look of the cosmos ever captured.
The first image from the $10 billion James Webb Space Telescope is the farthest humanity has ever seen in both time and distance, closer to the dawn of time and the edge of the universe. That image will be followed Tuesday by the release of four more galactic beauty shots from the telescope's initial outward gazes.
The “deep field" image released at a White House event is filled with lots of stars, with massive galaxies in the foreground and faint and extremely distant galaxies peeking through here and there. Part of the image is light from not too long after the Big Bang, which was 13.8 billion years ago.
“We're going to give humanity a new view of the cosmos,” NASA Administrator Bill Nelson told reporters last month in a briefing. “And it's a view that we've never seen before.” The images on tap for Tuesday include a view of a giant gaseous planet outside our solar system, two images of a nebula where stars are born and die in spectacular beauty and an update of a classic image of five tightly clustered galaxies that dance around each other.
The world's biggest and most powerful space telescope rocketed away last December from French Guiana in South America. It reached its lookout point 1 million miles (1.6 million kilometers) from Earth in January. Then the lengthy process began to align the mirrors, get the infrared detectors cold enough to operate and calibrate the science instruments, all protected by a sunshade the size of a tennis court that keeps the telescope cool.
The plan is to use the telescope to peer back so far that scientists will get a glimpse of the early days of the universe about 13.7 billion years ago and zoom in on closer cosmic objects, even our own solar system, with sharper focus.
Webb is considered the successor to the highly successful, but aging Hubble Space Telescope. Hubble has stared as far back as 13.4 billion years. It found the light wave signature of an extremely bright galaxy in 2016. Astronomers measure how far back they look in light-years with one light-year being 5.8 trillion miles (9.3 trillion kilometers).
“Webb can see backwards in time to just after the Big Bang by looking for galaxies that are so far away that the light has taken many billions of years to get from those galaxies to our telescopes,” said Jonathan Gardner, Webb's deputy project scientist said during the media briefing.
How far back did that first image look? Over the next few days, astronomers will do intricate calculations to figure out just how old those galaxies are, project scientist Klaus Pontoppidan said last month.
The deepest view of the cosmos “is not a record that will stand for very long,” Pontoppidan said, since scientists are expected to use the telescope to go even deeper.
Thomas Zurbuchen, NASA's science mission chief said when he saw the images he got emotional and so did his colleagues: “It's really hard to not look at the universe in new light and not just have a moment that is deeply personal.” At 21 feet (6.4 meters), Webb's gold-plated, flower-shaped mirror is the biggest and most sensitive ever sent into space. It's comprised of 18 segments, one of which was smacked by a bigger than anticipated micrometeoroid in May. Four previous micrometeoroid strikes to the mirror were smaller. Despite the impacts, the telescope has continued to exceed mission requirements, with barely any data loss, according to NASA.
NASA is collaborating on Webb with the European and Canadian space agencies.
“I'm now really excited as this dramatic progress augurs well for reaching the ultimate prize for many astronomers like myself: pinpointing “Cosmic Dawn” — the moment when the universe was first bathed in starlight,” Richard Ellis, professor of astrophysics at University College London, said via email.

NASA releases first colour image from James Webb Space Telescope

The plan is to use the telescope to peer back so far that scientists will get a glimpse of the early days of the universe about 13.7 billion years ago and zoom in on closer cosmic objects, even our own solar system, with sharper focus.

Our view of the universe just expanded: The first image from NASA's new space telescope unveiled Monday is brimming with galaxies and offers the deepest look of the cosmos ever captured.
The first image from the $10 billion James Webb Space Telescope is the farthest humanity has ever seen in both time and distance, closer to the dawn of time and the edge of the universe. That image will be followed Tuesday by the release of four more galactic beauty shots from the telescope's initial outward gazes.
The &ldquo;deep field" image released at a White House event is filled with lots of stars, with massive galaxies in the foreground and faint and extremely distant galaxies peeking through here and there. Part of the image is light from not too long after the Big Bang, which was 13.8 billion years ago.
&ldquo;We're going to give humanity a new view of the cosmos,&rdquo; NASA Administrator Bill Nelson told reporters last month in a briefing. &ldquo;And it's a view that we've never seen before.&rdquo; The images on tap for Tuesday include a view of a giant gaseous planet outside our solar system, two images of a nebula where stars are born and die in spectacular beauty and an update of a classic image of five tightly clustered galaxies that dance around each other.
The world's biggest and most powerful space telescope rocketed away last December from French Guiana in South America. It reached its lookout point 1 million miles (1.6 million kilometers) from Earth in January. Then the lengthy process began to align the mirrors, get the infrared detectors cold enough to operate and calibrate the science instruments, all protected by a sunshade the size of a tennis court that keeps the telescope cool.
The plan is to use the telescope to peer back so far that scientists will get a glimpse of the early days of the universe about 13.7 billion years ago and zoom in on closer cosmic objects, even our own solar system, with sharper focus.
Webb is considered the successor to the highly successful, but aging Hubble Space Telescope. Hubble has stared as far back as 13.4 billion years. It found the light wave signature of an extremely bright galaxy in 2016. Astronomers measure how far back they look in light-years with one light-year being 5.8 trillion miles (9.3 trillion kilometers).
&ldquo;Webb can see backwards in time to just after the Big Bang by looking for galaxies that are so far away that the light has taken many billions of years to get from those galaxies to our telescopes,&rdquo; said Jonathan Gardner, Webb's deputy project scientist said during the media briefing.
How far back did that first image look? Over the next few days, astronomers will do intricate calculations to figure out just how old those galaxies are, project scientist Klaus Pontoppidan said last month.
The deepest view of the cosmos &ldquo;is not a record that will stand for very long,&rdquo; Pontoppidan said, since scientists are expected to use the telescope to go even deeper.
Thomas Zurbuchen, NASA's science mission chief said when he saw the images he got emotional and so did his colleagues: &ldquo;It's really hard to not look at the universe in new light and not just have a moment that is deeply personal.&rdquo; At 21 feet (6.4 meters), Webb's gold-plated, flower-shaped mirror is the biggest and most sensitive ever sent into space. It's comprised of 18 segments, one of which was smacked by a bigger than anticipated micrometeoroid in May. Four previous micrometeoroid strikes to the mirror were smaller. Despite the impacts, the telescope has continued to exceed mission requirements, with barely any data loss, according to NASA.
NASA is collaborating on Webb with the European and Canadian space agencies.
&ldquo;I'm now really excited as this dramatic progress augurs well for reaching the ultimate prize for many astronomers like myself: pinpointing &ldquo;Cosmic Dawn&rdquo; &mdash; the moment when the universe was first bathed in starlight,&rdquo; Richard Ellis, professor of astrophysics at University College London, said via email. Also Watch: <a href="https://www.editorji.com/world-news/first-from-a-launch-pad-outside-the-us-nasa-rocket-launches-from-australia-1656302938887">First from a launch pad outside the US, NASA rocket launches from Australia</a>

A satellite the size of a microwave oven successfully broke free from its orbit around Earth on Monday and is headed toward the moon, the latest step in NASA's plan to land astronauts on the lunar surface again.
It's been an unusual journey already for the Capstone satellite. It was launched six days ago from New Zealand's Mahia Peninsula by the company Rocket Lab in one of their small Electron rockets. It will take another four months for the satellite to reach the moon, as it cruises along using minimal energy.
Rocket Lab founder Peter Beck told The Associated Press it was hard to put his excitement into words.
“It's probably going to take a while to sink in. It's been a project that has taken us two, two-and-a-half years and is just incredibly, incredibly difficult to execute,” he said. “So to see it all come together tonight and see that spacecraft on its way to the moon, it's just absolutely epic.” Beck said the relatively low cost of the mission — NASA put it at USD 32.7 million — marked the beginning of a new era for space exploration.
“For some tens of millions of dollars, there is now a rocket and a spacecraft that can take you to the moon, to asteroids, to Venus, to Mars,” Beck said. “It's an insane capability that's never existed before.” If the rest of the mission is successful, the Capstone satellite will send back vital information for months as the first to take a new orbit around the moon called a near-rectilinear halo orbit: a stretched-out egg shape with one end of the orbit passing close to the moon and the other far from it.
Eventually, NASA plans to put a space station called Gateway into the orbital path, from which astronauts can descend to the moon's surface as part of its Artemis program.
Beck said the advantage of the new orbit is that it minimizes fuel use and allows the satellite — or a space station — to stay in constant contact with Earth.
The Electron rocket that launched June 28 from New Zealand was carrying a second spacecraft called Photon, which separated after nine minutes. The satellite was carried for six days in Photon, with the spacecraft's engines firing periodically to raise its orbit farther and farther from Earth.
A final engine burst Monday allowed Photon to break from Earth's gravitational pull and send the satellite on its way. The plan now is for the 25-kilogramme (55-pound) satellite to far overshoot the moon before falling back into the new lunar orbit Nov. 13. The satellite will use tiny amounts of fuel to make a few planned trajectory course corrections along the way.
Beck said they would decide over the coming days what to do with Photon, which had completed its tasks and still had a bit of fuel left in the tank.
“There's a number of really cool missions that we can actually do with it," Beck said.
For the mission, NASA teamed up with two commercial companies: California-based Rocket Lab and Colorado-based Advanced Space, which owns and operates the Capstone satellite.

Microwave oven-sized satellite heads to the Moon: why is it beginning of new era for space exploration

It was launched six days ago from New Zealand's Mahia Peninsula by the company Rocket Lab in one of their small Electron rockets

A satellite the size of a microwave oven successfully broke free from its orbit around Earth on Monday and is headed toward the moon, the latest step in NASA's plan to land astronauts on the lunar surface again.
It's been an unusual journey already for the Capstone satellite. It was launched six days ago from New Zealand's Mahia Peninsula by the company Rocket Lab in one of their small Electron rockets. It will take another four months for the satellite to reach the moon, as it cruises along using minimal energy.
Rocket Lab founder Peter Beck told The Associated Press it was hard to put his excitement into words.
&ldquo;It's probably going to take a while to sink in. It's been a project that has taken us two, two-and-a-half years and is just incredibly, incredibly difficult to execute,&rdquo; he said. &ldquo;So to see it all come together tonight and see that spacecraft on its way to the moon, it's just absolutely epic.&rdquo; Beck said the relatively low cost of the mission &mdash; NASA put it at USD 32.7 million &mdash; marked the beginning of a new era for space exploration.
&ldquo;For some tens of millions of dollars, there is now a rocket and a spacecraft that can take you to the moon, to asteroids, to Venus, to Mars,&rdquo; Beck said. &ldquo;It's an insane capability that's never existed before.&rdquo; If the rest of the mission is successful, the Capstone satellite will send back vital information for months as the first to take a new orbit around the moon called a near-rectilinear halo orbit: a stretched-out egg shape with one end of the orbit passing close to the moon and the other far from it.
Also Watch| <a href="https://www.editorji.com/india-news/stunning-photo-from-hubble-of-a-globular-cluster-will-leave-you-awestruck-watch-1656956079434" target="_blank">Stunning photo from Hubble of a 'globular cluster' will leave you awestruck&nbsp;</a>
Eventually, NASA plans to put a space station called Gateway into the orbital path, from which astronauts can descend to the moon's surface as part of its Artemis program.
Beck said the advantage of the new orbit is that it minimizes fuel use and allows the satellite &mdash; or a space station &mdash; to stay in constant contact with Earth.
The Electron rocket that launched June 28 from New Zealand was carrying a second spacecraft called Photon, which separated after nine minutes. The satellite was carried for six days in Photon, with the spacecraft's engines firing periodically to raise its orbit farther and farther from Earth.
A final engine burst Monday allowed Photon to break from Earth's gravitational pull and send the satellite on its way. The plan now is for the 25-kilogramme (55-pound) satellite to far overshoot the moon before falling back into the new lunar orbit Nov. 13. The satellite will use tiny amounts of fuel to make a few planned trajectory course corrections along the way.
Beck said they would decide over the coming days what to do with Photon, which had completed its tasks and still had a bit of fuel left in the tank.
&ldquo;There's a number of really cool missions that we can actually do with it," Beck said.
For the mission, NASA teamed up with two commercial companies: California-based Rocket Lab and Colorado-based Advanced Space, which owns and operates the Capstone satellite.

Scientists have discovered the world's largest bacterium in a Caribbean mangrove swamp.
Most bacteria are microscopic, but this one is so big it can be seen with the naked eye.
The thin white filament, approximately the size of a human eyelash, is “by far the largest bacterium known to date”, said Jean-Marie Volland, a marine biologist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and co-author of a paper announcing the discovery Thursday in the journal Science.
Olivier Gros, a co-author and biologist at the University of the French West Indies and Guiana, found the first example of this bacterium — named Thiomargarita magnifica, or “magnificent sulfur pearl” — clinging to sunken mangrove leaves in the archipelago of Guadeloupe in 2009.
But he didn't immediately know it was a bacterium because of its surprisingly large size, just over a third of an inch (0.9 centimeters) long. Only later genetic analysis revealed the organism to be a single bacterial cell.
“It's an amazing discovery,” said Petra Levin, a microbiologist at Washington University in St Louis, who was not involved in the study.
“It opens up the question of how many of these giant bacteria are out there — and reminds us we should never, ever underestimate bacteria.” Gros also found the bacterium attached to oyster shells, rocks and glass bottles in the swamp.
Scientists have not yet been able to grow it in lab culture, but the researchers' say the cell has a structure that's unusual for bacteria. One key difference: It has a large central compartment, or vacuole, that allows some cell functions to happen in that controlled environment instead of throughout the cell.
“The acquisition of this large central vacuole definitely helps a cell to bypass physical limitations ... on how big a cell can be,” said Manuel Campos, a biologist at the French National Centre for Scientific Research, who was not involved in the study.
The researchers said they aren't certain why the bacterium is so large, but co-author Volland hypothesised it may be an adaptation to help it avoid being eaten by smaller organisms.

Biologists find world's biggest bacterium in Caribbean mangrove swamp

The thin white filament, which is approximately the size of a human eyelash, is &ldquo;by far the largest bacterium known to date&rdquo;

Scientists have discovered the world's largest bacterium in a Caribbean mangrove swamp.
Most bacteria are microscopic, but this one is so big it can be seen with the naked eye.
The thin white filament, approximately the size of a human eyelash, is &ldquo;by far the largest bacterium known to date&rdquo;, said Jean-Marie Volland, a marine biologist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and co-author of a paper announcing the discovery Thursday in the journal Science.
Olivier Gros, a co-author and biologist at the University of the French West Indies and Guiana, found the first example of this bacterium &mdash; named Thiomargarita magnifica, or &ldquo;magnificent sulfur pearl&rdquo; &mdash; clinging to sunken mangrove leaves in the archipelago of Guadeloupe in 2009.
But he didn't immediately know it was a bacterium because of its surprisingly large size, just over a third of an inch (0.9 centimeters) long. Only later genetic analysis revealed the organism to be a single bacterial cell.
Also Watch| <a href="https://www.editorji.com/world-news/world-s-largest-plant-is-a-vast-seagrass-meadow-in-australia-1654137296282" target="_blank">World's largest plant is a vast seagrass meadow in Australia- Guess its age</a>
&ldquo;It's an amazing discovery,&rdquo; said Petra Levin, a microbiologist at Washington University in St Louis, who was not involved in the study.
&ldquo;It opens up the question of how many of these giant bacteria are out there &mdash; and reminds us we should never, ever underestimate bacteria.&rdquo; Gros also found the bacterium attached to oyster shells, rocks and glass bottles in the swamp.
Scientists have not yet been able to grow it in lab culture, but the researchers' say the cell has a structure that's unusual for bacteria. One key difference: It has a large central compartment, or vacuole, that allows some cell functions to happen in that controlled environment instead of throughout the cell.
&ldquo;The acquisition of this large central vacuole definitely helps a cell to bypass physical limitations ... on how big a cell can be,&rdquo; said Manuel Campos, a biologist at the French National Centre for Scientific Research, who was not involved in the study.
The researchers said they aren't certain why the bacterium is so large, but co-author Volland hypothesised it may be an adaptation to help it avoid being eaten by smaller organisms.

Robots aren't just taking over in our daily work—they're taking over our bodies. Or, at least, they could be soon.Nature communications reported that Scientists have created a Transformers-style robot inspired by the Japanese paper-folding art of origami, which can now travel through the human body to cure diseases..
The shape-shifting device is controlled by magnets and can crawl, spin and swim into narrow spaces. It can also change direction at any moment.
Called the “millibot” it can carry payloads directly to a tumor, blood clot or infection and can dispense drugs or investigate inner workings. Scientists hope the machine will revolutionize medicine, replacing pills or injections that can cause life-threatening side effects.
The robot resembles “Transformers” characters that disguise themselves by turning into vehicles. 
It provides control for a non-invasion operation, moves “elegantly and speedily” over an organ’s surfaces and powers through body fluids.
 

Scientists create Transformers-style robot which swims through the body

The shape-shifting device is controlled by magnets and can crawl, spin and swim into narrow spaces. It can also change direction at any moment.

Robots aren't just taking over in our daily work&mdash;they're taking over our bodies. Or, at least, they could be soon. Nature communications reported that Scientists have created a Transformers-style robot inspired by the Japanese paper-folding art of origami, which can now travel through the human body to cure diseases..
The shape-shifting device is controlled by magnets and can crawl, spin and swim into narrow spaces. It can also change direction at any moment.
Called the &ldquo;millibot&rdquo; it can carry payloads directly to a tumor, blood clot or infection and can dispense drugs or investigate inner workings. Scientists hope the machine will revolutionize medicine, replacing pills or injections that can cause life-threatening side effects.
The robot resembles &ldquo;Transformers&rdquo; characters that disguise themselves by turning into vehicles.&nbsp;
It provides control for a non-invasion operation, moves &ldquo;elegantly and speedily&rdquo; over an organ&rsquo;s surfaces and powers through body fluids.
&nbsp;

Chinese astronomers say the country’s Sky Eye telescope may have picked up signs of life beyond Earth. The claim made first by the state-backed Science and Technology Daily, has since deleted the report and posts about the discovery.  The report had quoted as Chinese scientist saying that the narrow-band electromagnetic signals differ from previous ones captured and the team is further investigating them.  The top astronomer, however, added that the suspicious signals could also be some kind of radio interference and requires further investigation.   It isn't clear why the report was apparently removed from the website of the Science and Technology Daily, the official newspaper of China's science and technology ministry.  In September 2020, Sky Eye, which is the world's largest radio telescope located in Guizhou province officially launched a search for extraterrestrial life. According to the report the team detected two sets of suspicious signals in 2020 while processing data collected in 2019, and found another suspicious signal in 2022 from observation data of exoplanet targets.

Has world's largest telescope Sky Eye picked signs of life beyond Earth? China publishes & deletes report

Has world's largest telescope Sky Eye picked signs of life beyond Earth? China publishes &amp; deletes report

Chinese astronomers say the country&rsquo;s Sky Eye telescope may have picked up signs of life beyond Earth. The claim made first by the state-backed Science and Technology Daily, has since deleted the report and posts about the discovery.&nbsp; &nbsp; The report had quoted as Chinese scientist saying that the narrow-band electromagnetic signals differ from previous ones captured and the team is further investigating them. &nbsp; The top astronomer, however, added that the suspicious signals could also be some kind of radio interference and requires further investigation. &nbsp; &nbsp; It isn't clear why the report was apparently removed from the website of the Science and Technology Daily, the official newspaper of China's science and technology ministry. &nbsp; In September 2020, Sky Eye, which is the world's largest radio telescope located in Guizhou province officially launched a search for extraterrestrial life. According to the report the team detected two sets of suspicious signals in 2020 while processing data collected in 2019, and found another suspicious signal in 2022 from observation data of exoplanet targets.

Voyager 1, the exploratory spacecraft launched by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) 45 years ago is at the threshold of the solar system. It is 23.3 billion kilometres away from Earth and contiues to function as good as one can expect a 45-year-old craft to in interstellar space.
However, the scientists and engineers at NASA have seemingly encountered communication issues with Voyager. Unusual, and random signals are being sent back to Earth from the spacecraft.
Readouts from the system that control's the spacecraft's orientation in space are not corroborating with Voyager's actual actions. The attitude articulation and control system, or AACS makes sure that the probe's antenna faces Earth so that data and communication can carry on smoothly.
The issues have not triggered any onboard fault protection systems that are designed to put the spacecraft into a 'safe-mode, when only essential operations are carried out. The 'safe-mode' gives engineers ample time to work through the problems onboard.
However, the connection with Voyager has not weakened so the scientists are of the opinion that the AACS antenna is still pointed towards Earth.
So, where are the unusual communications coming from? That is what the team is trying to determine at NASA. It is still unsure if the data is coming directly from the AACS or there is something else that is causing these signals to come through.
"A mystery like this is sort of par for the course at this stage of the Voyager mission," said Suzanne Dodd, project manager for Voyager 1 and 2 at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, in a statement.
"The spacecraft is almost 45 years old, which is far beyond what the mission planners anticipated. We're also in interstellar space -- a high-radiation environment that no spacecraft have flown in before. So there are some big challenges for the engineering team. But I think if there's a way to solve this issue with the AACS, our team will find it."
Dodd went onto add that if the team does not determine the source of the issue, they might just adapt to it. If they do get to the root of the problem, they might try to rectify it through software changes or relying on a redundant hardware system.
This, however, is not the first time NASA's engineers have encountered a problem with Voyager. Back in 2017, Voyager 1's primary thrusters started to degrade. The engineers then decided to switch to another set of thrusters that were originally used during the spacecraft's planetary encounters.
Voyager 2, a twin spacecraft, continues to operate well in interstellar space 12.1 billion miles (19.5 billion kilometers) from Earth. Now, they have become the only two spacecraft to gather data from interstellar space and provide insights about the heliosphere, or the bubble created by the sun that extends beyond the planets in our solar system.
 

What is Voyager 1 trying to tell NASA? Engineers perplexed by mysterious signals 

Voyager 1 is 23.3 billion kilometers away from Earth at the threshold of the solar system 

Voyager 1 is 23.3 billion kilometers away from Earth at the threshold of the solar system&nbsp;

Voyager 1, which is the exploratory spacecraft launched by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1977 is at the threshold of the solar system. It is 23.3 billion kilometres away from Earth and continues&nbsp;to function as good as one can expect a 45-year-old craft to in interstellar space rife with extreme radiation.&nbsp;
However, the scientists and engineers at NASA have seemingly encountered communication issues with Voyager. Unusual, and random signals are being sent back to Earth from the spacecraft.
Readouts from the system that controls&nbsp;the spacecraft's orientation in space are not corroborating with Voyager's actual actions. The attitude articulation and control system, or AACS makes sure that the probe's antenna faces Earth so that data and communication can carry on smoothly.
The issues have not triggered any onboard fault protection systems that are designed to put the spacecraft into a 'safe-mode', when only essential operations are carried out. The 'safe-mode' gives engineers ample time to work through the problems onboard.
However, the connection with Voyager has not weakened so the scientists are of the opinion that the AACS antenna is still pointed towards Earth.
So, where are the unusual communications coming from? That is what the team is trying to determine at NASA. It is still unsure if the data is coming directly from the AACS or there is something else that is causing these signals to come through.
Also Watch| <a href="https://www.editorji.com/world-news/could-nasa-s-plan-to-beam-earth-s-location-trigger-an-alien-invasion-1650297511359" target="_blank">Could NASA&rsquo;s plan to beam Earth&rsquo;s location trigger an alien invasion?&nbsp;</a>
"A mystery like this is sort of par for the course at this stage of the Voyager mission," said Suzanne Dodd, project manager for Voyager 1 and 2 at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, in a statement.
"The spacecraft is almost 45 years old, which is far beyond what the mission planners anticipated. We're also in interstellar space -- a high-radiation environment that no spacecraft have flown in before. So there are some big challenges for the engineering team. But I think if there's a way to solve this issue with the AACS, our team will find it."
Dodd went onto add that if the team does not determine the source of the issue, they might just adapt to it. If they do get to the root of the problem, they might try to rectify it through software changes or relying on a redundant hardware system.&nbsp;Effectively, a failure to decode the mystery will only enhance the narrative of an alien life.&nbsp;
This, however, is not the first time NASA's engineers have encountered a problem with Voyager. Back in 2017, Voyager 1's primary thrusters started to degrade. The engineers then decided to switch to another set of thrusters that were originally used during the spacecraft's planetary encounters.
Voyager 2, a twin spacecraft, continues to operate well in interstellar space, 19.5 billion kilometers from Earth. Now, they have become the only two spacecraft to gather data from interstellar space and provide insights about the heliosphere, or the bubble created by the sun that extends beyond the planets in our solar system.
Also Watch| <a href="https://www.editorji.com/world-news/nasa-telescope-launched-in-a-bid-to-unravel-the-secret-s-of-the-universe-1640441831981" target="_blank">NASA telescope launched in a bid to unravel the secrets of the universe</a>

Amid rising tension between USA and Russia over the Ukraine war, the American Defense Intelligence Agency warned that Beijing and Moscow are trying to "undercut" Washington in the space sector to gain military and economic advantage.
The DIA released a report titled "Challenges in Security in Space Report - 2022", spelling out the ways in which China and Russia are trying to overtake the US.
 
Dr John Huth, DIA Defense Intelligence Officer for Space and Counterspace, said, "Russia and China are our primary strategic competitors are taking steps to undercut the United States and our allies in the space domain. Both nations view space as a requirement for winning modern wars, especially against Western nations, and look to prove themselves as world leaders."
 
Kevin Ryder, DIA Senior Defense Intelligence Officer for Space and Counterspace, said "Both nations (Russia, China) seek to broaden their space exploration initiatives, together and individually, with plans to explore the Moon and Mars during the next 30 years. And if successful, these efforts will likely lead to attempts by Beijing and Moscow to exploit the Moon's natural resources. China has launched a robotic lander and rover to the far side of the moon and an orbiter lander and rover in one mission to Mars. It has also launched multiple missiles capable of destroying satellites and deploying mobile jammers to deny satellite communications and GPS. Moscow, on the other hand, has developed a suite of counter space weapons capabilities, including electronic warfare, to deny, degrade and disrupt communications and to deny the use of space-based imagery. Russia is also developing a mobile missile that is able to destroy satellites, and crewed space vehicles."

Capture, mine Moon for minerals: Russia, China's plan for space dominance? What US spies said

China and Russia are planning to capture the Moon's natural resources? Watch what US spies said on Beijing and Moscow's plans to overtake USA in the space sector to establish military dominance.

Capture, mine the Moon for minerals: Russia, China's plan for space dominance? What US spies said

((SHORT OPENING BYTES WITH CHAPTER PLATES IN BETWEEN))
 https://bit.ly/37KdvQW
&nbsp;
(1:15 - 1:19) TRANSLATION - ...will likely lead to attempts by Beijing and Moscow to exploit the Moon's natural resources.
 CHAPTER PLATE TEXT - PUTIN, XI WANT TO CAPTURE THE MOON?
&nbsp;
 (2:11 - 2:20) TRANSLATION - It (China) has also launched multiple missiles capable of destroying satellites and deploying mobile jammers to deny satellite communications and GPS.
&nbsp;
&nbsp; CHAPTER PLATE TEXT - MISSILES TO HIT WESTERN SATELLITES?
&nbsp;
(0:16 - 0:22) TRANSLATION -&nbsp;Both nations (Russia, China) view space as a requirement for winning modern wars, especially against Western nations.
&nbsp;
CHAPTER PLATE TEXT - WEAPONISING SPACE, STEP TOWARDS WAR?
&nbsp;
 VO: Amid rising tension between USA and Russia over the Ukraine war, the American Defense Intelligence Agency warned that Beijing and Moscow are trying to "undercut" Washington in the space sector to gain military and economic advantage. The DIA released a report titled "Challenges in Security in Space Report - 2022", spelling out the ways in which China and Russia are trying to overtake the US.
&nbsp;
 BYTE DR JOHN HUTH, D.I.A. DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE OFFICER FOR SPACE &amp; COUNTERSPACE https://bit.ly/37KdvQW (0:08 - 0:25) WASHINGTON, DC, USA 12 APRIL 2022
&nbsp;
 BYTE KEVIN RYDER,&nbsp;D.I.A. SENIOR DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE OFFICER FOR SPACE &amp; COUNTERSPACE https://bit.ly/37KdvQW (0:58 - 1:20, 1:27 - 1:53, 2:00 - 2:44) WASHINGTON, DC, USA
12 APRIL 2022
=================================================
CAPTIONS US agency's warning on space warfare Russia, China trying to undercut US: DIA Russia, China want to mine Moon: DIA They see space as factor in winning war: DIA

<div>The US Defense Intelligence Agency warned that Beijing and Moscow are trying to "undercut" Washington in the space sector to gain military and economic advantage.</div>

Amid rising tension between USA and Russia over the Ukraine war, the American Defense Intelligence Agency warned that Beijing and Moscow are trying to "undercut" Washington in the space sector to gain military and economic advantage.
The DIA released a report titled "Challenges in Security in Space Report - 2022", spelling out the ways in which China and Russia are trying to overtake the US.
Dr John Huth, DIA Defense Intelligence Officer for Space and Counterspace, said, "Russia and China are our primary strategic competitors are taking steps to undercut the United States and our allies in the space domain. Both nations view space as a requirement for winning modern wars, especially against Western nations, and look to prove themselves as world leaders."
Kevin Ryder,&nbsp;DIA Senior Defense Intelligence Officer for Space and Counterspace, said&nbsp;"Both nations (Russia, China) seek to broaden their space exploration initiatives, together and individually, with plans to explore the Moon and Mars during the next 30 years. And if successful, these efforts will likely lead to attempts by Beijing and Moscow to exploit the Moon's natural resources.
China has launched a robotic lander and rover to the far side of the moon and an orbiter lander and rover in one mission to Mars. It has also launched multiple missiles capable of destroying satellites and deploying mobile jammers to deny satellite communications and GPS.
Moscow, on the other hand, has developed a suite of counter space weapons capabilities, including electronic warfare, to deny, degrade and disrupt communications and to deny the use of space-based imagery. Russia is also developing a mobile missile that is able to destroy satellites, and crewed space vehicles."

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The European Space Agency recently launched a study named VIVALDI&nbsp;to understand the effects of space travel on the female body.&nbsp;
20 women will be a part of this study where they will be tucked in waterbeds with minimal movement of their limbs.&nbsp;
This process is called dry immersion and creates situations similar to living in space experiencing supportlessness&nbsp;and weightlessness
It is a crucial process to prepare astronauts to lead a healthy life while in orbit.&nbsp;
The research is being conducted on women especially to understand the physiological and psychological effects on the female gender, a field in which there is great scarcity of data.&nbsp;
&nbsp;

A spa session before trip to space: women to participate in dry immersion as part of research 

20 women are participating in a study to understand the effects of space travel on females. This will require them to lay in waterbeds, for a few days. 
Sounds fun, doesn't it? Watch to find out. 

The European Space Agency recently launched a study to understand the effects of space travel on the female body.&nbsp;
20 women will be a part of this study, named VIVALDI,&nbsp;where they will be tucked in waterbeds with minimal movement of their limbs.&nbsp;
This process is called dry immersion and creates situations similar to living in space as they experience&nbsp;supportlessness&nbsp;and weightlessness.
It is a crucial process to prepare astronauts to lead a healthy life while in orbit.&nbsp;
The research is being conducted on women especially to understand the physiological and psychological effects on the female gender, a field in which there is great scarcity of data.&nbsp;
&nbsp;

A research being conducted by European Space Agency&nbsp;has recreated some of the effects of spaceflight on the body of women and attempted to address the gender gap in science data.&nbsp;

The European Space Agency recently launched a study to understand the effects of space travel on the female body.&nbsp;
20 women will be a part of this study, named VIVALDI,&nbsp;where they will be tucked in waterbeds with minimal movement of their limbs.&nbsp;
This process is called dry immersion and creates situations similar to living in space as they experience&nbsp;supportlessness&nbsp;and weightlessness.
WATCH: <a href="https://www.editorji.com/story/dream-come-true-sirisha-bandla-on-her-journey-to-the-edge-of-space-1626087258083">Indian woman flies to space with Richard Branson</a>&nbsp;
It is a crucial process to prepare astronauts to lead a healthy life while in orbit.&nbsp;
The research is being conducted on women especially to understand the physiological and psychological effects on the female gender, a field in which there is great scarcity of data.&nbsp;
<a href="https://www.editorji.com/story/nasa-tests-rocket-engine-for-artemis-moon-mission-everything-you-need-to-know-plop-info-1618918774784">WATCH: NASA&nbsp;tests rocket engine for Artemis moon mission</a>
&nbsp;

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) on Sunday said the satellites onboard its maiden Small Satellite Launch Vehicle "are no longer usable" after the SSLV-D1 placed them in an elliptical orbit instead of a circular one.

Satellites no longer usable: ISRO after SSLV deviates from intended destination, promises second mission

The SSLV had suffered 'data loss' in its terminal stage, after performing "as expected" in all stages.

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) on Sunday said the satellites onboard its maiden Small Satellite Launch Vehicle "are no longer usable" after the SSLV-D1 placed them in an elliptical orbit instead of a circular one.
The space agency said a committee would analyse and make recommendations into today's episode and with the implementation of those recommendations "ISRO will come back soon with SSLV-D2." "SSLV-D1 placed the satellites into 356 km x 76 km elliptical orbit instead of 356 km circular orbit. Satellites are no longer usable. Issue is reasonably identified. Failure of a logic to identify a sensor failure and go for a salvage action caused the deviation," ISRO said in an update on its official Twitter handle.
It added a detailed statement by ISRO Chairman S Somanath will be "uploaded soon." In its maiden SSLV mission, the launch vehicle carried The Earth Observation Satellite EOS-02 and the co-passenger student satellites AzaadiSAT.
SSLV had suffered 'data loss' in its terminal stage, after performing "as expected" in all stages. It had earlier after lifted off from the spaceport here on Sunday morning.
ALSO WATCH: <a href="https://www.editorji.com/india-news/isro-faces-setback-as-maiden-sslv-mission-suffers-data-loss-scientists-analyse-status-1659858884814">ISRO faces setback as maiden SSLV mission suffers 'data loss', scientists analyse status</a>

ISRO's tryst with history suffered a setback on Sunday, as the maiden Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) suffered "data loss" at the terminal stage.

ISRO faces setback as maiden SSLV mission suffers 'data loss', scientists analyse status

Indian Space Research Organisation's tryst with history suffered a setback on Sunday, as the maiden Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) suffered "data loss" at the terminal stage, although three stages "performed and separated" as planned and the scientists were "currently analysing" the data to ascertain the cause behind it.


 ISRO faces setback as maiden SSLV mission suffers 'data loss'

Scientists are analysing the data to ascertain the cause behind the 'data loss'.

Indian Space Research Organisation's tryst with history suffered a setback on Sunday, as the maiden Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) suffered "data loss" at the terminal stage, although three stages "performed and separated" as planned and the scientists were "currently analysing" the data to ascertain the cause behind it.
On Sunday morning, in its mission to place an earth observation satellite and students satellite into the low earth orbit, the SSLV-D1/EOS-02 blasted off precisely at 9.18 am amid cloudy skies from the first launch pad at Satish Dhawan Space Centre in this spaceport.
The 34-metre long rocket soared majestically on completion of its nearly seven-and-half-hour countdown on Sunday.
The scientists at the Mission Control Centre gave updates about the health of the rocket soon after lift-off.
Screens at the Media Centre showed that the satellite was well on its trajectory before suffering "data loss" as described by Chairman S Somanath.
"All stages performed as expected. The first stage performed and separated, second stage performed and separated, the third stage also performed and separated, and in the terminal phase of the mission, some data loss is occurring and we are analysing the data and we will comeback on the status of the satellites as well as the vehicle performance soon," he said from the Mission Control Centre, minutes after the launch.
A jubilant mood at the Mission Control Centre soon made way to anxiety as scientists were seen glued to the computer screens and confused, before Somanath updated the mission status.
There has been no official word on whether the mission was successful, as currently scientists were analysing the data from the rocket and so far there has been no official confirmation on the success of the mission.
From the screens displayed at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, it was seen that the two satellites -- Earth Observation Satellite and the AzaadiSAT -- got separated as planned.
After establishing itself with successful launches of various satellites using its Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicles (GSLV), ISRO had targeted the SSLV market which places the satellites into 500 kms low earth orbit.
Also Watch| <a href="https://www.editorji.com/india-news/video-isro-s-sslv-takes-historic-flight-carries-students-satellite-1659850067538" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Video: ISRO's SSLV takes historic flight, carries students' satellite</a>
The Earth Observation Satellite EOS-02 and the co-passenger student satellites AzaadiSAT are the major payloads for the SSLV.
The EOS-02 is an experimental optical remote sensing satellite with a high spatial resolution. It is to realise and fly an experimental imaging satellite with a short turnaround time and to demonstrate launch-on-demand capability. EOS-02 belongs to the microsatellite series of spacecraft.
The AzaadiSAT is a 8U CubeSat weighing around 8 kilograms. It carries 75 different payloads each weighing around 50 grams. Girl students from rural regions across the country were provided guidance to build these payloads.
The payloads are integrated by the student team of 'Space Kidz India'. The ground system developed by 'Space Kidz India' will be utilised for receiving the data from this satellite, ISRO said.
It is not the first time for ISRO to face a setback on its maiden launch missions as PSLV -- dubbed as one of the trusted workhorses for the space agency -- was not successful in its first flight way back on September 20, 1993.
After its first successful launch in October 1994, PSLV emerged as the reliable and versatile launch vehicle of India with 39 consecutively successful missions by June 2017.
It had successfully launched the CHANDRAYAAN-1 in 2008 and also the Mars Orbiter Spacecraft in 2013 that later travelled to the Moon and Mars, respectively.
The first flight of GSLV in April 2001 carrying GSAT-1 was successful for ISRO. From January 2014, the vehicle has achieved four consecutive successes, ISRO said.
The first developmental flight of GSLV Mk-III, successfully placed GSAT-19 satellite to a Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) on June 5, 2017.

The Indian Space Research Organisation's small-lift launch vehicle has begun its maiden flight. The vehicle carries an earth observation satellite - EOS-02 - and AzaadiSAT, which carries 75 different payloads developed by students.
SRO has embarked on a mission to place satellites that weigh up to 500 kg into the 500 km low earth orbit, as it aims for a bigger share of the demanding SSLV market.
"SSLV-D1/EOS-02 Mission: the countdown commenced at 02.26hrs," ISRO said on its website on Sunday.
The objective of the SSLV is to place satellites EOS-02 and AzaadiSAT, into low earth orbit.
The lift-off of the rocket is scheduled at 9.18 am from the first launch pad at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SHAR) here, about 135 km from Chennai. About 13 minutes after launch, the rocket is expected to place the EOS-02 and AzaadiSAT into the intended orbit.
Unlike ISRO’s trusted workhorse -- Polar Satellite Launch Vehicles (PSLV) – the SSLV can carry payloads weighing up to 500 kg and deploy satellites into a 500 km low earth orbit.
It uses solid fuel -- hydroxyl terminated polubutadiene -- to fire the first three stages which takes the payloads to the desired altitude. The fourth stage comprises liquid propulsion-based Velocity Trimming Module (VTM) to place the satellites into orbit.
The main payload on the 34-metre-tall rocket is the earth observation-02 satellite and co-passenger satellite AzaadiSAT, an 8-kg Cubesat designed by the girl students from government schools across the country to mark the 75th anniversary of India’s Independence.

Video: ISRO's SSLV takes historic flight, carries students' satellite

ISRO has embarked on a mission to place satellites that weigh up to 500 kg into the 500 km low earth orbit, as it aims for a bigger share of the demanding SSLV market.

The Indian Space Research Organisation's small-lift launch vehicle has begun its maiden flight. The vehicle carries an earth observation satellite - EOS-02 - and AzaadiSAT, which carries 75 different payloads developed by students.
ISRO has embarked on a mission to place satellites that weigh up to 500 kg into the 500 km low earth orbit, as it aims for a bigger share of the demanding SSLV market.
"SSLV-D1/EOS-02 Mission: the countdown commenced at 02.26hrs," ISRO said on its website on Sunday.
The objective of the SSLV is to place satellites EOS-02 and AzaadiSAT, into low earth orbit.
The lift-off of the rocket is scheduled at 9.18 am from the first launch pad at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SHAR) here, about 135 km from Chennai. About 13 minutes after launch, the rocket is expected to place the EOS-02 and AzaadiSAT into the intended orbit.
Also Watch| <a href="https://www.editorji.com/india-news/inside-details-how-isro-is-designing-india-s-first-spacecraft-for-maiden-astronaut-mission-gaganyaan-1653925556543">Inside details: how ISRO is designing India's first spacecraft for maiden astronaut mission | Gaganyaan</a>
Unlike ISRO&rsquo;s trusted workhorse -- Polar Satellite Launch Vehicles (PSLV) &ndash; the SSLV can carry payloads weighing up to 500 kg and deploy satellites into a 500 km low earth orbit.
It uses solid fuel -- hydroxyl terminated polubutadiene -- to fire the first three stages which takes the payloads to the desired altitude. The fourth stage comprises liquid propulsion-based Velocity Trimming Module (VTM) to place the satellites into orbit.
The main payload on the 34-metre-tall rocket is the earth observation-02 satellite and co-passenger satellite AzaadiSAT, an 8-kg Cubesat designed by the girl students from government schools across the country to mark the 75th anniversary of India&rsquo;s Independence.

The Monkeypox symptoms reported in the incumbent patients are much different from those reported during the previous outbreaks particularly in the African region.   

British Medical Journal: current Monkeypox symptoms different from earlier outbreaks

According to the study, rectal pain and penile swelling are commonly seen in the current outbreak as compared to the previous outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 2007-11 and Nigeria in 2017-18.&nbsp;&nbsp;

The Monkeypox symptoms reported in the incumbent patients are much different from those reported during the previous outbreaks particularly in the African region. &nbsp; &nbsp; The new findings were published in the British Medical Journal.&nbsp; &nbsp; The study did a retrospective observational analysis of 197 people &ndash; who were all men from London. 196 of the 197 participants identified themselves as gay, bisexual or other men who have sex with men.&nbsp; According to the study, rectal pain and penile swelling are commonly seen in the current outbreak as compared to the previous outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 2007-11 and Nigeria in 2017-18.&nbsp; Researchers have recommended that clinicians test patients presenting with these symptoms for the monkeypox virus.&nbsp;
ALSO WATCH: <a href="https://www.editorji.com/world-news/monkeypox-san-francisco-declares-emergency-gay-community-hails-move-1659066861382" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Monkeypox: San Francisco declares emergency, gay community hails move</a>

Russia will opt out of the International Space Station after 2024 and focus on building its own orbiting outpost, the country's newly appointed space chief said Tuesday. 

Russia to opt out of International Space Station after 2024

The announcement reaffirmed previous declarations by Russian space officials about Moscow's intention to leave the space outpost after 2024.&nbsp;

Russia will opt out of the International Space Station after 2024 and focus on building its own orbiting outpost, the country's newly appointed space chief said Tuesday.
Yuri Borisov, who was appointed earlier this month to lead the state-controlled space corporation Roscosmos, said during a meeting with Russian President Vladimir Putin that Russia will fulfill its obligations to other partners at the International Space Station before it leaves the project.
&ldquo;The decision to leave the station after 2024 has been made,&rdquo; Borisov said.
Borisov's statement reaffirmed previous declarations by Russian space officials about Moscow's intention to leave the space outpost after 2024.
Also read: <a href="https://www.editorji.com/world-news/james-webb-space-telescope-can-see-backwards-in-time-all-you-need-to-know-1657600320374">James Webb Space Telescope 'can see backwards in time': all you need to know</a>
It comes amid soaring tensions between Russia and the West over the Kremlin's military action in Ukraine.
Despite the rift, NASA and Roscosmos made a deal earlier this month for astronauts to continue riding Russian rockets and for Russian cosmonauts to catch lifts to the International Space Station with SpaceX beginning this fall.
The agreement ensures that the space station will always have at least one American and one Russian on board to keep both sides of the orbiting outpost running smoothly, according to NASA and Russian officials. The swap had long been in the works and was finalised despite frictions over Ukraine in a sign of continuing Russia-U.S. cooperation in space.

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