The leaders of Russia, China, Turkey, India and Iran were in Kyrgyzstan Monday for a two-day summit of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), which seeks to be a counterbalance to the West.
The regional SCO bloc -- which brings together Russia, China, India, Pakistan, Iran, four central Asian countries and Belarus -- is celebrating its 25-year anniversary.
Upon arrival in the Kyrgyz capital Bishkek, Russian President Vladimir Putin met China's Xi Jinping, Russian media reported.
Putin and Xi have previously used SCO summits to promote their vision of a multipolar world and present a united front against the West.
Iran's leader Masoud Pezeshkian, Turkey's Recep Tayyip Erdogan, India's Narendra Modi and Pakistan's Shehbaz Sharif were also in Bishkek.
The summit takes place four-and-a-half years into Moscow's Ukraine invasion and six months into the war between Washington and Tehran.
Speaking after the first exchange of fire between the United States and Iran in a month, Iran's Pezeshkian said continuing the war was not in Tehran's interests.
"We continue to strive for a path of agreement and understanding, and we believe that continuing the war is neither in our interest, nor in the interest of the region," he told India's Modi.
Putin, Xi, Pezeshkian, Modi and Sharif are due to take part in a plenary session chaired by Kyrgyz leader Sadyr Japarov.
- Diplomacy -
The Kremlin has said Putin is due to hold talks with Pezeshkian and Xi.
Russia and Iran -- among the most sanctioned states in the world -- have massively deepened their military and economic ties since Moscow invaded Ukraine.
US President Donald Trump has warned Moscow and Beijing against arming Iran.
Putin's meeting with Pezeshkian will come days after the CIA's director John Ratcliffe made a rare trip to Moscow, with US media speculating he could have discussed Ukraine and Iran with his Russian counterparts.
The SCO has historically focused on economic issues but has gained momentum in recent years under Moscow's and Beijing's leadership.
On top of its 10 members, it now has 15 "dialogue partners", including Turkey, Saudi Arabia and Qatar.
It also has two observer countries: Afghanistan and Mongolia.
The SCO's founding declaration says the group is "not an alliance directed against other states".
But Putin and Xi have repeatedly made anti-Western speeches during its summits.
At last year's gathering, Putin accused Western countries of provoking the Ukraine war, while Xi denounced "acts of intimidation", referring to US-Chinese tensions.
- Real and trade wars -
The Bishkek summit takes place at a time when some SCO members are in the midst of real wars -- the Ukraine and Iran conflicts -- or trade wars, with the imposition of US tariffs on Chinese and Indian goods.
This month, the US slapped secondary sanctions on Iran's trading partners in the sectors of gold, technology, digital assets, aviation and maritime transport, aiming to cripple Tehran's economy.
Washington has also threatened Iran's allies with sanctions.
China, a major importer of Iranian oil, responded by saying it would "firmly defend" its interests.
Iran, living under sanctions since its 1979 revolution ended with Islamic authorities taking charge, has regularly said it will not cave to economic pressure.
But Pezeshkian has acknowledged his country faces "economic difficulties".
Iran only joined the bloc in 2023.
Mohammad Hassan Najmi, an international relations expert, told AFP that Tehran "believes its membership and active participation in these alliances can enable it to circumvent US and European sanctions".
But concrete benefits of the group are uncertain, he said, as "in times of crisis, these alliances have rarely allowed Iran to resolve its difficulties".
While the bloc claims to represent some 40 percent of the world's population and 25 percent of global GDP, it remains diverse, with some disagreements among members.
Russia and China compete for influence in central Asia, while Beijing has at times had strained relations with India and Pakistan.
