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Pollution while bad for all living in the city, affects people of different age, gender and social strata very differently. Numerous studies have found the exacerbated effect that pollution has on those coming from a marginalised background. 

Air pollution: equally bad for all? | The Issue 

Air pollution can shorten lives by almost 10 years in the Indian capital, Delhi, the world's most polluted city, says a report by a US research group.  The air pollution in the city is choking its residents, particularly the marginalized. And understanding the severity of the problem is the need of the hour.  

The smog-filled air, which usually covers Indian cities during the winter months, contains dangerously high levels of fine particulate matter called PM2.5 - tiny particles that can clog lungs and cause a host of diseases.  

Delhi has been ranked the most polluted city in the world as per a global analysis of air quality as recently as 2022. The report analyses pollution and global health effects for more than 7,000 cities around the world, focusing on two of the most harmful pollutants, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide.  

Air pollution is among the leading causes of premature mortality worldwide and leads to lung and cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other illnesses. This risk gets so much more exacerbated when it comes to children. Children are more prone to breathing toxic air, and that's because they breathe more rapidly. And so even lower levels of exposure could mean that they’re breathing more pollutants than adults around them.  

Also watch - Childhood air pollution exposure can prohibit cognitive prowess later in life

Pollution also leads to lower memory and IQ, with infants being most affected in the first 1000 days of their birth, which is when most brain development happens. According to a study conducted in 2017, every 3 minutes, a child died India due to air pollution.  In 2019, close to 160,000 infants in India died within the first month of being born due to air pollution. Over half of the infant deaths were caused by PM 2.5 in the air, while the rest were attributed to household aggravation caused by the use of solid fumes for cooking. 

Like everything else, even the issue of clean air is influenced by many factors. The deadly impact of pollution on children in middle and low-income countries like India was highlighted by a report by the WHO in 2018. In these countries, 98% of all children under five are exposed to PM 2.5 levels above WHO’s air quality guidelines. In comparison, among high income countries, 52% of children under age five are exposed to levels above W.H.O. air quality guidelines.  

Also watch - India's poorest 9 times more likely to die of air pollution than the rich: study 

This isn’t just about global inequality but a matter of class divide within India too. A study has found that poorer households in India bear disproportional impact from pollution caused by others.  Experts say that this pollution hits the poor and marginalized more because they often tend to live and work near industrial sites and tend to burn things like wood, corn, dung or kerosene inside their homes. 

It is also important to remember that things like N95 masks or air purifiers, or even the ability to leave the city for a few weeks when the pollution is at its peak is a privilege that not everybody has can afford. 

Higher income groups indirectly contribute to pollution through the manufacturing of the products they consume as well as their use of transportation and electricity. But wealthier households are shielded from the effects because of access to air conditioning, better health care, and more efficient buildings and clean-energy stoves. 

Also watch - From childhood to old-age: The long-term effects of pollution on brainpower

By virtue of having to carry the domestic burden of cooking within the homes, women after often more susceptible to indoor air pollution, which has direct impact on their reproductive health. Numerous studies done in the past have shown that air pollution increases the risk of premature birth and complications during pregnancy like preeclampsia, and gestational hypertension. Inhaling particulate matter is increasing the prevalence of anaemia among women of reproductive age.  

The problem of air pollution clearly affects people belonging to diverse backgrounds differently, and therefore solutions to the matter must also be proposed keeping these inequalities in mind. Delhi’s AQI for years now has now surpassed all warnings by the WHO – a good time to take action was years ago, and steps must be taken as swiftly as possible.  

Pollution while bad for all living in the city, affects people of different age, gender and social strata very differently. Numerous studies have found the exacerbated effect that pollution has on those coming from a marginalised background.&nbsp;

Air pollution can shorten lives by almost 10 years in the Indian capital, Delhi, the world's most polluted city, says a report by a US research group. &nbsp;The air pollution in the city is choking its residents, particularly the marginalized. And understanding the severity of the problem is the need of the hour. &nbsp; The smog-filled air, which usually covers Indian cities during the winter months, contains dangerously high levels of fine particulate matter called PM2.5 - tiny particles that can clog lungs and cause a host of diseases. &nbsp; Delhi has been ranked the most polluted city in the world as per a global analysis of air quality as recently as 2022. The report analyses pollution and global health effects for more than 7,000 cities around the world, focusing on two of the most harmful pollutants, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide. &nbsp; Air pollution is among the leading causes of premature mortality worldwide and leads to lung and cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other illnesses. This risk gets so much more exacerbated when it comes to children. Children are more prone to breathing toxic air, and that's because they breathe more rapidly. And so even lower levels of exposure could mean that they&rsquo;re breathing more pollutants than adults around them. &nbsp; Also watch -<a href="https://www.editorji.com/story/childhood-air-pollution-exposure-can-prohibit-cognitive-prowess-later-in-life-1612458280826"> Childhood air pollution exposure can prohibit cognitive prowess later in life</a> Pollution also leads to lower memory and IQ, with infants being most affected in the first 1000 days of their birth, which is when most brain development happens. According to a study conducted in 2017, every 3 minutes, a child died India due to air pollution. &nbsp;In 2019, close to 160,000 infants in India died within the first month of being born due to air pollution. Over half of the infant deaths were caused by PM 2.5 in the air, while the rest were attributed to household aggravation caused by the use of solid fumes for cooking.&nbsp; Like everything else, even the issue of clean air is influenced by many factors. The deadly impact of pollution on children in middle and low-income countries like India was highlighted by a report by the WHO in 2018. In these countries, 98% of all children under five are exposed to PM 2.5 levels above WHO&rsquo;s air quality guidelines. In comparison, among high income countries, 52% of children under age five are exposed to levels above W.H.O. air quality guidelines. &nbsp; Also watch - <a href="https://www.editorji.com/story/india-s-poorest-9-times-more-likely-to-die-of-air-pollution-than-the-rich-study-1627967488923">India's poorest 9 times more likely to die of air pollution than the rich: study&nbsp;</a> This isn&rsquo;t just about global inequality but a matter of class divide within India too. A study has found that poorer households in India bear disproportional impact from pollution caused by others. &nbsp;Experts say that this pollution hits the poor and marginalized more because they often tend to live and work near industrial sites and tend to burn things like wood, corn, dung or kerosene inside their homes.&nbsp; It is also important to remember that things like N95 masks or air purifiers, or even the ability to leave the city for a few weeks when the pollution is at its peak is a privilege that not everybody has can afford.&nbsp; Higher income groups indirectly contribute to pollution through the manufacturing of the products they consume as well as their use of transportation and electricity. But wealthier households are shielded from the effects because of access to air conditioning, better health care, and more efficient buildings and clean-energy stoves.&nbsp; Also watch - <a href="https://www.editorji.com/lifestyle-news/health/from-childhood-to-old-age-the-long-term-effects-of-pollution-on-brainpower-1637487108895">From childhood to old-age: The long-term effects of pollution on brainpower</a> By virtue of having to carry the domestic burden of cooking within the homes, women after often more susceptible to indoor air pollution, which has direct impact on their reproductive health. Numerous studies done in the past have shown that air pollution increases the risk of premature birth and complications during pregnancy like preeclampsia, and gestational hypertension. Inhaling particulate matter is increasing the prevalence of anaemia among women of reproductive age. &nbsp; The problem of air pollution clearly affects people belonging to diverse backgrounds differently, and therefore solutions to the matter must also be proposed keeping these inequalities in mind. Delhi&rsquo;s AQI for years now has now surpassed all warnings by the WHO &ndash; a good time to take action was years ago, and steps must be taken as swiftly as possible. &nbsp;

Why does Delhi then face such extreme pollution, that renders it a hazard for the close to 2.9 crore people living in and around it? It’s an amalgamation of several different factors that our National Capital unfortunately just has to deal with. 

Air pollution: Delhi's unique conundrum | The Issue 

There’s few cliches left to describe Delhi pollution that have not been used before – something about smoking 50 cigarettes a day, Delhi resembling a post-apocalyptic wasteland, not being able to see even 5 feet away. The descriptors we use don’t change, because the pollution menace unfortunately, also does not change.  

Why does Delhi then face such extreme pollution, that renders it a hazard for the close to 2.9 crore people living in and around it? It’s an amalgamation of several different factors that our National Capital unfortunately just has to deal with. And all of these reasons collectively add to the problem of pollution in the capital around a 2-month window of toxic AQI.  

Also watch - Some useful steps you can take to minimise the effects of air pollution
 
One of the foremost reasons touted to be behind Delhi’s pollution woes is stubble burning – a problem that may have been exacerbated in attempts to curb another climate adversity.   
Punjab and Haryana, surrounding Delhi, are key agricultural states. Farmers here grow rice, and the cultivation of rice requires large amounts of water. This can lead to severe depletion of ground water. In order to curb this problem, in 2009 the government passed The Preservation of Subsoil Water Act. This act bans paddy planting before mid-June at which point rains will replenish the ground water levels.  

Because paddy can’t be planted till mid-June, harvesting of crops is pushed to late in the year, leaving farmers with less time to prepare their fields for the next winter cycle of crops. Lesser time means that farmers have to rely on the quickest and cheapest method of clearing their fields – which unfortunately is stubble burning.  

Also watch - 23.5 lakh premature deaths in India due to pollution in 2019: Lancet

What’s concerning for this year especially is that with a prolonged spell of rains delaying paddy harvesting in some regions of Punjab, farmers are more likely to burn stubble to make up for the lost time and quickly prepare their fields for the next crop, experts say.  

In 2021, Punjab had reported 71,304 farm fires between September 15 and November 30 and 83,002 farm fires in the corresponding period in 2020.  

Smoke clouds from Punjab and Haryana travel to Delhi – and the topography of the region does not help combat the problem. With the Himalayas forming a huge barrier to the north, the smog follows a path through the plains to the bottom of the mountain range. The air begins to accumulate in the region and is unable to escape.  

Since hot air rises and cool air settles, owing to the high mountain range and cooler winter air, the smog is unable to rise, keeping it trapped within the plains – forming a dome over the city of which the first layer is hot lowland air, the second is cold mountain air, and the third is stubble burning smoke mixed with urban pollution.  

Also watch - Delhi: don't have a pollution certificate for your car, your RC could be cancelled


India’s capital is already the most populated city in the world and some estimates say Delhi could be the world’s most populous city by 2028. More people mean more vehicles on the streets, more household pollution and more construction activities. The main pollutant in Delhi’s air right now is PM 2.5, and sources of PM 2.5 can be both internal and external.  

According to a recent study conducted by Centre for Science and Environment, vehicular emissions contribute the highest share to Delhi’s PM 2.5 levels at nearly 50%. The contribution of household pollution has been 12.5%-13.5%, industry has been 9.9%- 13.7%, construction at 6.7%-7.9%, that of waste burning has stood between 4.6%-4.9%, and the contribution of road dust has been 3.6%-4.1%. 

Also watch - Explained: Delhi govt's action plan to curb winter pollution woes 

One cannot talk about pollution in Delhi without mentioning the elephant in the room – crackers at Diwali. With the firecracker ban going up in smoke every year, quite literally: the National capital chokes on a cocktail of noxious chemicals after the festival of lights every year.  

It’s not like the air in Delhi is good all year round and sees just one very brief period of pollution. Between 2016 and 2021 – Delhi saw only 17 good air days and it tops every list for the most polluted cities in the world.  

Several factors that are tough to balance may contribute to the brief, hazardous toxic spike every year – but with clean air elusive for the millions living in Delhi, coming up with a solution to this problem becomes more critical with every passing minute.  

Why does Delhi then face such extreme pollution, that renders it a hazard for the close to 2.9 crore people living in and around it? It&rsquo;s an amalgamation of several different factors that our National Capital unfortunately just has to deal with.&nbsp;

There&rsquo;s few cliches left to describe Delhi pollution that have not been used before &ndash; something about smoking 50 cigarettes a day, Delhi resembling a post-apocalyptic wasteland, not being able to see even 5 feet away. The descriptors we use don&rsquo;t change, because the pollution menace unfortunately, also does not change. &nbsp; Why does Delhi then face such extreme pollution, that renders it a hazard for the close to 2.9 crore people living in and around it? It&rsquo;s an amalgamation of several different factors that our National Capital unfortunately just has to deal with. And all of these reasons collectively add to the problem of pollution in the capital around a 2-month window of toxic AQI. &nbsp; Also watch - <a href="https://www.editorji.com/lifestyle-news/health/some-useful-steps-you-can-take-to-minimise-the-effects-of-air-pollution-1666500349674">Some useful steps you can take to minimise the effects of air pollution</a> &nbsp; One of the foremost reasons touted to be behind Delhi&rsquo;s pollution woes is stubble burning &ndash; a problem that may have been exacerbated in attempts to curb another climate adversity. &nbsp;&nbsp; Punjab and Haryana, surrounding Delhi, are key agricultural states. Farmers here grow rice, and the cultivation of rice requires large amounts of water. This can lead to severe depletion of ground water. In order to curb this problem, in 2009 the government passed The Preservation of Subsoil Water Act. This act bans paddy planting before mid-June at which point rains will replenish the ground water levels. &nbsp; Because paddy can&rsquo;t be planted till mid-June, harvesting of crops is pushed to late in the year, leaving farmers with less time to prepare their fields for the next winter cycle of crops. Lesser time means that farmers have to rely on the quickest and cheapest method of clearing their fields &ndash; which unfortunately is stubble burning. &nbsp; Also watch - <a href="https://www.editorji.com/india-news/23-5-lakh-premature-deaths-in-india-due-to-pollution-in-2019-lancet-1652867972139">23.5 lakh premature deaths in India due to pollution in 2019: Lancet</a> What&rsquo;s concerning for this year especially is that with a prolonged spell of rains delaying paddy harvesting in some regions of Punjab, farmers are more likely to burn stubble to make up for the lost time and quickly prepare their fields for the next crop, experts say. &nbsp; In 2021, Punjab had reported 71,304 farm fires between September 15 and November 30 and 83,002 farm fires in the corresponding period in 2020. &nbsp; Smoke clouds from Punjab and Haryana travel to Delhi &ndash; and the topography of the region does not help combat the problem. With the Himalayas forming a huge barrier to the north, the smog follows a path through the plains to the bottom of the mountain range. The air begins to accumulate in the region and is unable to escape. &nbsp; Since hot air rises and cool air settles, owing to the high mountain range and cooler winter air, the smog is unable to rise, keeping it trapped within the plains &ndash; forming a dome over the city of which the first layer is hot lowland air, the second is cold mountain air, and the third is stubble burning smoke mixed with urban pollution. &nbsp; Also watch - <a href="https://www.editorji.com/india-news/delhi-don-t-have-a-pollution-certificate-for-your-car-your-rc-could-be-cancelled-1664936346491">Delhi: don't have a pollution certificate for your car, your RC could be cancelled</a> 
India&rsquo;s capital is already the most populated city in the world and some estimates say Delhi could be the world&rsquo;s most populous city by 2028. More people mean more vehicles on the streets, more household pollution and more construction activities. The main pollutant in Delhi&rsquo;s air right now is PM 2.5, and sources of PM 2.5 can be both internal and external. &nbsp; According to a recent study conducted by Centre for Science and Environment, vehicular emissions contribute the highest share to Delhi&rsquo;s PM 2.5 levels at nearly 50%. The contribution of household pollution has been 12.5%-13.5%, industry has been 9.9%- 13.7%, construction at 6.7%-7.9%, that of waste burning has stood between 4.6%-4.9%, and the contribution of road dust has been 3.6%-4.1%.&nbsp;
Also watch - <a href="https://www.editorji.com/india-news/explained-delhi-govt-s-action-plan-to-curb-winter-pollution-woes-1664556687285">Explained: Delhi govt's action plan to curb winter pollution woes</a><a href="https://www.editorji.com/india-news/explained-delhi-govt-s-action-plan-to-curb-winter-pollution-woes-1664556687285">&nbsp;</a> One cannot talk about pollution in Delhi without mentioning the elephant in the room &ndash; crackers at Diwali. With the firecracker ban going up in smoke every year, quite literally: the National capital chokes on a cocktail of noxious chemicals after the festival of lights every year. &nbsp; It&rsquo;s not like the air in Delhi is good all year round and sees just one very brief period of pollution. Between 2016 and 2021 &ndash; Delhi saw only 17 good air days and it tops every list for the most polluted cities in the world. &nbsp; Several factors that are tough to balance may contribute to the brief, hazardous toxic spike every year &ndash; but with clean air elusive for the millions living in Delhi, coming up with a solution to this problem becomes more critical with every passing minute. &nbsp;

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