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China's 'debt-trap diplomacy' lending patterns, which leave developing nations beholden to the country, are worrying many. Which other countries are vulnerable to this tactic?

Decoded: China’s ‘debt trap diplomacy’ - Which other countries can go down the way of Sri Lanka?

China's 'debt-trap diplomacy' lending patterns, which leave developing nations beholden to the country, are worrying many. Which other countries are vulnerable to this tactic?

Sri Lanka has been rocked by protests as it faces its worst economic crisis in decades. The country has only around $50m in foreign currency reserves, while it has racked up around $51Bn in debt.
Around $6.5Bn of Lanka&rsquo;s debt is owed to China, in order to fund what critics have called unnecessary infrastructure projects.&nbsp;
A prime example was a billion-dollar port in Hambantota, which was built with Chinese investment despite feasibility studies indicating that the project would not be commercially viable. India, which frequently lends money to Sri Lanka, had refused funding for the same.&nbsp;
After the project failed, as predicted, the Lankan government handed over the port and 15,000 acres of land around it to China, for 99 years.
<h2>China's 'debt-trap diplomacy'</h2>
Many have identified this as a strategy on China&rsquo;s part, termed &lsquo;debt-trap diplomacy&rsquo;. China offers loans for infrastructure projects under the Belt and Road Initiative &nbsp;(BRI) that end up being too difficult for the recipient country to repay. The country then has to make economic or political concessions to China, including asset-grabs in the form of equity in the projects, or even agreeing to Chinese military bases on their land.
Although China&rsquo;s &lsquo;debt trap&rsquo; is not entirely responsible for Sri Lanka&rsquo;s problems, many have called it another example of China&rsquo;s predatory lending patterns. China picks it targets carefully, sanctioning projects and giving loans to resource-rich or strategically-placed countries. The recipient nations often do not have a good credit rating, and few, if any, have alternative sources of external finance.
Sri Lanka is not the only country caught in this web. A report by the BBC says that more than 40 low and middle-income countries owe debt to China which is more than 10% of the size of their annual GDP. Much of this debt is &lsquo;hidden&rsquo;, and not reported in official statistics.
Djibouti, Laos, Zambia, and Kyrgyzstan have debts to China equivalent to at least 20% of their annual GDP.
<h2>'Debt-trap diplomacy' concerns India</h2>
India has been particularly concerned about debt-trap diplomacy, as it has often targeted India&rsquo;s neighbours under the BRI.
Apart from Sri Lanka, Pakistan has also signed up for massive Chinese debt-funded infrastructure projects. Experts estimate that it would take Pakistan nearly 40 years to pay back its debt to China.&nbsp;
And there is concern in New Delhi that Bangladesh, which is courting Chinese investment for a Metro Rail Network in Chittagong, could be falling into the same trap.
Comments by External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar have made India&rsquo;s stance on &lsquo;debt-trap&rsquo; diplomacy clear. While not directly naming China, Jaishankar expressed concern for nations saddled with large debts, and said that it was very important for countries to make informed decisions.
PM Modi, meanwhile, has underlined the distinction between China and India&rsquo;s method of supporting development projects. The Prime Minister cited examples of India&rsquo;s support to development projects in Mauritius, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Nepal, Afghanistan, Niger, and Guyana.&nbsp;
He said that India is making development partnerships that are marked by respect, diversity, care for the future, and sustainable development. For India, he added, the most fundamental principle in development cooperation is respecting its partners.

China&rsquo;s national legislature on Saturday adopted a new law on the protection and exploitation of the land border areas. The law, which becomes operational from January 1 next year could have bearing on Beijing&rsquo;s border dispute with India.
The law states that &lsquo;the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the People&rsquo;s Republic of China are sacred and inviolable&rsquo;. It also stipulates the state shall, following the principle of equality, mutual trust and friendly consultation, handle land border-related affairs with neighbouring countries through negotiations to properly resolve disputes and longstanding border issues.
The law further states that the Chinese military &lsquo;shall carry out border duties&rsquo; including &lsquo;organising drills&rsquo; and &lsquo;resolutely prevent, stop and combat invasion, encroachment, provocation and other acts&rsquo;.
A significant aspect of the new law includes state support for the construction of border towns, improving their functioning.
India and Bhutan are the two countries with which China is yet to finalise the border agreements, while Beijing resolved the boundary disputes with 12 other neighbours.

China passes new land border law amid military standoff with India

China’s national legislature adopted a new law on the protection and exploitation of the land border areas. It is likely to have a bearing on Beijing’s border dispute with India

//China passes new law on protection &amp; exploitation of land border areas
//China's new land border law to become operational from Jan 1, 2022
//China's new law could have bearing on Beijing&rsquo;s border dispute with India
//New law includes state support for construction of border towns
//Law states the military &lsquo;shall carry out border duties&rsquo; like &lsquo;organising drills&rsquo;&nbsp;
//China is yet to finalise the border agreements with India &amp; Bhutan
&nbsp;

China's new land border law&nbsp;becomes operational from January 1 next year and could have a bearing on Beijing&rsquo;s border dispute with India

China&rsquo;s national legislature on Saturday adopted a new law on the protection and exploitation of the land border areas. The law, which becomes operational from January 1 next year could have bearing on Beijing&rsquo;s border dispute with India.
The law states that &lsquo;the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the People&rsquo;s Republic of China are sacred and inviolable&rsquo;.
It also stipulates the state shall, following the principle of equality, mutual trust and friendly consultation, handle land border-related affairs with neighbouring countries through negotiations to properly resolve disputes and longstanding border issues.
Also Read&nbsp; <a href="https://www.editorji.com/india-news/arunachal-pradesh-china-in-mind-india-boosts-fire-power-along-lac-1634747659386" target="_blank">Arunachal Pradesh: China in mind, India boosts fire power along LAC&nbsp;</a>
The law further states that the Chinese military &lsquo;shall carry out border duties&rsquo; including &lsquo;organising drills&rsquo; and &lsquo;resolutely prevent, stop and combat invasion, encroachment, provocation and other acts&rsquo;.
A significant aspect of the new law includes state support for the construction of border towns, improving their functioning.
India and Bhutan are the two countries with which China is yet to finalise the border agreements, while Beijing resolved the boundary disputes with 12 other neighbours.

India and China will hold the 13th round of Corps Commander-level talks on Sunday to try and resolve the military standoff along the&nbsp;Line of Actual Control&nbsp;in eastern Ladakh.
The talks will be held at Moldo (Chusul) on the Chinese side of the LAC. &nbsp;The Indian team will be led by Lt General PGK Menon, while the Chinese side will be led by General Liu Lin.
Troops have disengaged on the north and south banks of Pangong Tso and Gogra Post, but not at Hot Springs where the two sides continue to face each other ever since the Chinese crossed the LAC in May 2020.
Resolution of friction point at Hot Springs will be discussed during the talks
The Indian Express reported that on the eve of the talks, Army chief General M M Naravane said the Chinese have been building infrastructure on their side of the region which means &ldquo;they are there to stay&rdquo;.
Twelve rounds of military talks were held between India and China, but tensions remain. There has been some disengagement, but India says only full disengagement will result in de-escalation

Border standoff: India, China to hold 13th round of talks today

India and China will hold the 13th round of Corps Commander-level talks on Sunday to try and resolve the military standoff along the Line of Actual Control in eastern Ladakh

Resolution of friction point at Hot Springs will be discussed during the 13th round of talks between India &amp; China

India and China will hold the 13th round of Corps Commander-level talks on Sunday to try and resolve the military standoff along the&nbsp;Line of Actual Control&nbsp;in eastern Ladakh.
The talks will be held at Moldo (Chusul) on the Chinese side of the LAC. &nbsp;The Indian team will be led by Lt General PGK Menon, while the Chinese side will be led by General Liu Lin.
Also Read:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.editorji.com/india-news/india-rejects-china-s-allegations-blames-beijing-s-troops-for-tensions-on-lac-1633060516217" target="_blank">India rejects China&rsquo;s allegations, blames Beijing&rsquo;s troops for tensions on LAC</a>
Troops have disengaged on the north and south banks of Pangong Tso and Gogra Post, but not at Hot Springs where the two sides continue to face each other ever since the Chinese crossed the LAC in May 2020.
Resolution of friction point at Hot Springs will be discussed during the talks
The Indian Express reported that on the eve of the talks, Army chief General M M Naravane said the Chinese have been building infrastructure on their side of the region which means &ldquo;they are there to stay&rdquo;.
Twelve rounds of military talks were held between India and China, but tensions remain. There has been some disengagement, but India says only full disengagement will result in de-escalation

The Chinese have erected tents on the Indian side of the Charding Nala in Demchok in eastern Ladakh, senior government officials reportedly said

China’s tents on Indian side in eastern Ladakh region: reports

India, China to hold 12th Corps Commander-level meet on Ladakh standoff tomorrow

Chinese 'civilians' erect tents in Demchok&nbsp;area of Ladakh: reports
Indian officials 'have asked Chinese civilians to return but they still remain'&nbsp;
Demchok&nbsp;and Trig Heights are disputed points on the Line of Actual Control
Indo-China 12th commander level talks to be held soon

The Chinese have erected tents on the Indian side of the Charding Nala in Demchok in eastern Ladakh, senior government officials reportedly said

The Chinese have erected tents on the Indian side of the Charding Nala in Demchok in eastern Ladakh, senior government officials said, according to the Indian Express.
The officials have reportedly said the people occupying these tents are &ldquo;so-called civilians&rdquo;, and streesed that even though India has been asking them to go back, &ldquo;their presence remains&rdquo;.
India and China had agreed that Demchok and Trig Heights were disputed points on the&nbsp;Line of Actual Control&nbsp;(LAC) during meetings of the joint working groups (JWG) back in the 1990s.
Also Read&nbsp;<a href="https://www.editorji.com/story/biden-blames-china-for-cyberattack-on-microsoft-nato-forms-cybersecurity-alliance-1626745703444" target="_blank">Biden blames China for cyberattack on Microsoft, NATO forms cybersecurity alliance</a>
Meanwhile, the 12th round of Corps Commander-level talks are yet to be held. China had proposed the talks be held on Monday, but India, which observes July 26 as Kargil Day to commemorate the victory over Pakistan in the 1999 Kargil War, asked for the discussions to be postponed by a few days.

Defence Minister Rajnath Singh reached Ladakh on a three-day visit to take stock of military preparedness in the region in the face of a prolonged border row with China.

Rajnath Singh in Ladakh amid stalemate in disengagement process with China

Defence Minister Rajnath Singh&nbsp;reached&nbsp;Ladakh on a three-day visit to take stock of military preparedness in the region in the face of a prolonged border row with China.

Defence Minister Rajnath Singh on Sunday arrived in Ladakh on a three-day visit aimed at taking stock of India's military preparedness in the region in the face of a prolonged border row with China.
His visit to the sensitive region comes two days after India and China held a fresh round of diplomatic talks to resolve the prolonged military standoff.
The defence minister will carry out a comprehensive review of India's operational readiness in eastern Ladakh amid a stalemate in the next stage of disengagement with China at several friction points, news agency PTI reported quoting official sources.
The defence minister is scheduled to visit various key formations and high-altitude bases in the region to assess the ground realities as well as to boost the morale of the troops guarding the Line of Actual Control.

Defence Minister Rajnath Singh&nbsp;reached&nbsp;Ladakh on a three-day visit to take stock of India's military preparedness in the region in the face of a prolonged border row with China

india china relations

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