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Droughts, wet events made more frequent, intense by global warming: NASA-led Study

NASA-led study reveals droughts, floods will become more frequent. Here's why 

The scientists also found that the worldwide intensity of these extreme wet and dry events - a metric that combines extent, duration, and severity - is closely linked to global warming.

Major droughts and pluvials - periods of excessive precipitation and water storage on land - have indeed been occurring more often, confirmed a new National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA)-led study.
Droughts and floods will become more frequent and severe as our planet warms and climate changes, scientists have predicted, but detecting this on regional and continental scales has proven difficult, the study said.
Two NASA, US, scientists examined 20 years of data from the NASA/German GRACE and GRACE-FO satellites to identify extreme wet and dry events, the study published in the journal Nature Water said.
Floods and droughts account for more than 20 per cent of the economic losses caused by extreme weather events in the US each year. The economic impacts are similar around the world, though the human toll tends to be most devastating in poor neighbourhoods and developing nations.
The scientists also found that the worldwide intensity of these extreme wet and dry events - a metric that combines extent, duration, and severity - is closely linked to global warming.
From 2015-2021 - seven of the nine warmest years in the modern record - the frequency of extreme wet and dry events was four per year, compared with three per year in the previous 13 years.
This makes sense, said the authors, because warmer air causes more moisture to evaporate from Earth's surface during dry events; warm air can also hold more moisture to fuel severe snowfall and rainfall events.
"The idea of climate change can be abstract. A couple of degrees warmer doesn't sound like much, but water cycle impacts are tangible," said Matt Rodell, study co-author at NASA.
"Global warming is going to cause more intense droughts and wet periods, which affects people, the economy, and agriculture around the world. Monitoring hydrological extremes is important for preparing for future events, mitigating their impacts, and adapting," said Rodell.
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Rodell and study co-author Bailing Li studied 1,056 extreme wet and dry events from 2002 to 2021, as observed by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE-Follow-On (GRACE-FO) satellites.
The satellites use precise measurements of Earth's gravity field to detect water storage anomalies - specifically, how the amount of water stored in soils, aquifers, lakes, rivers, snow cover, and ice compares to normal, the study said.
"It's like watching the level of the water in your bathtub.
"You can see how much it rises and falls without knowing the total amount of water in the tub," said Rodell.
Because GRACE and GRACE-FO provide a new map of water storage anomalies around the world every month, they provide a comprehensive view of the severity of hydrological events and how they evolve over time, the study said.
In their study, Rodell and Li applied an "intensity" metric that accounts for the severity, duration, and spatial extent of droughts and extreme wet events.
They found the global total intensity of extreme events increased from 2002 to 2021, mirroring Earth's rising temperatures over the same period.
According to the study, by far the most intense event identified in the study was a pluvial that began in 2019 in central Africa and is still ongoing.
It has caused the level of Lake Victoria to rise by more than one metre.
A 2015-2016 drought in Brazil was the most intense dry event of the past two decades, leading to empty reservoirs, and water rationing across some Brazilian cities, the study said.
"Both events were associated with climate variability, but the Brazilian drought occurred in the warmest year on record (2016), reflecting the impact of global warming," said Li.
"The recent southwestern US and southern Europe droughts were also some of the most intense events, in part, due to anthropogenic warming," said Li.
"Global warming has had broad and profound impacts on terrestrial water storage, such as reduction of annual snow in high elevations and depletion of groundwater by people when surface waters are scarce," Li added.
"Reflecting these changes, GRACE data provide us a unique perspective of how hydrological extremes have been changing around the world," said Li.&nbsp;
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A 500 kilo (1,102 pounds) bomb from the Second World War was uncovered from the Po river in Italy's Lombardy and detonated by the Italian army.
According to Italian media the bomb was dropped by an American bomber. 
The bomb in the Mantua province was uncovered as the Italian river is drying up due to a severe drought and revealing the secrets of its bed.
It was found on July 24th and destroyed in a controlled explosion on Sunday.
The local civil protection evacuated at least 1,200 people from Borgo Virgilio to let the army officers detonate the bomb, in an isolated place.
The controlled explosion was successfully carried out by the Italian army, according to local media reports. 
The Italian government has declared a state of emergency in several northern regions because of a prolonged drought and accompanying heat wave that has dried up the Po River.

Drought reveals World War II bomb in Italian river

A 500 kilo bomb from the Second World War was uncovered from the Po river in Italy's Lombardy and detonated by the Italian army. According to Italian media the bomb was dropped by an American bomber.

The bomb in the Mantua province was uncovered as the Italian river is drying up due to a severe drought and revealing the secrets of its bed

A 500 kilo (1,102 pounds) bomb from the Second World War was uncovered from the Po river in Italy's Lombardy and detonated by the Italian army.
According to Italian media the bomb was dropped by an American bomber.&nbsp;
The bomb in the Mantua province was uncovered as the Italian river is drying up due to a severe drought and revealing the secrets of its bed.
It was found on July 24th and destroyed in a controlled explosion on Sunday.
The local civil protection evacuated at least 1,200 people from Borgo Virgilio to let the army officers detonate the bomb, in an isolated place.
The controlled explosion was successfully carried out by the Italian army, according to local media reports.&nbsp;
The Italian government has declared a state of emergency in several northern regions because of a prolonged drought and accompanying heat wave that has dried up the Po River.
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China has increased its cloud-seeing operations as a crippling drought exacerbated by a record heatwave spreads across half of the country.
Images from China's state broadcaster show unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) conducting cloud seeding operations in the sky and workers on the ground shooting missiles in an effort to create artificial rainfall
The world's second-largest economy has experienced over 70 days of heatwaves, flash floods and droughts -- phenomena that scientists say are becoming more frequent and intense due to climate change.
Southern China has recorded its longest continuous period of high temperatures since records began more than 60 years ago, the agriculture ministry said this week.
Experts have said the intensity, scope and duration of the heatwave could make it one of the worst recorded in global history.
A chart from the National Climate Centre showed  that swathes of southern China -- including the Tibetan Plateau -- were experiencing "severe" to "extraordinary" drought conditions.
The worst-affected area -- the Yangtze river basin, stretching from coastal Shanghai to Sichuan province in China's southwest -- is home to over 370 million people and contains several manufacturing hubs including the megacity of Chongqing.
China's State Council on Wednesday announced a 10 billion yuan ($1.45 billion) subsidy to support rice farmers experiencing drought conditions, which authorities have warned pose a "severe threat" to this year's autumn harvest.
China produces more than 95 percent of the rice, wheat and maize it consumes, but a reduced harvest could mean increased demand for imports in the world's most populous country -- putting further pressure on global supplies already strained by the conflict in Ukraine.
(With AFP inputs)

China increases cloud-seeding operations amid record heatwave

China has increased its cloud-seeing operations as a crippling drought exacerbated by a record heatwave spreads across half of the country.

The world's second-largest economy has experienced over 70 days of heatwaves, flash floods and droughts

China has increased its cloud-seeing operations as a crippling drought exacerbated by a record heatwave spreads across half of the country.
Images from China's state broadcaster show unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) conducting cloud seeding operations in the sky and workers on the ground shooting missiles in an effort to create artificial rainfall
The world's second-largest economy has experienced over 70 days of heatwaves, flash floods and droughts -- phenomena that scientists say are becoming more frequent and intense due to climate change.
Southern China has recorded its longest continuous period of high temperatures since records began more than 60 years ago, the agriculture ministry said this week.
Experts have said the intensity, scope and duration of the heatwave could make it one of the worst recorded in global history.
A chart from the National Climate Centre showed&nbsp; that swathes of southern China -- including the Tibetan Plateau -- were experiencing "severe" to "extraordinary" drought conditions.
The worst-affected area -- the Yangtze river basin, stretching from coastal Shanghai to Sichuan province in China's southwest -- is home to over 370 million people and contains several manufacturing hubs including the megacity of Chongqing.
China's State Council on Wednesday announced a 10 billion yuan ($1.45 billion) subsidy to support rice farmers experiencing drought conditions, which authorities have warned pose a "severe threat" to this year's autumn harvest.
China produces more than 95 percent of the rice, wheat and maize it consumes, but a reduced harvest could mean increased demand for imports in the world's most populous country -- putting further pressure on global supplies already strained by the conflict in Ukraine.
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(With AFP inputs)

Weeks of record heat and drought has shrunk China's largest freshwater lake and left the surrounding rice producing areas under a serious water supply shortage.
Satellite images released by the Ministry of Natural Resources showed that Poyang Lake had fallen to about 600 square kilometers from nearly 4,000 square kilometers in April.
Jiangxi is one of the 13 major grain producing provinces in China and the area around Poyang Lake is the main rice producing area in the province.
The lake's water level continues to drop and the rice yield this year is at stake with the drought occurring during the grain filling and heading period, according to the local authorities.
Local authorities help farmers setting up pipelines to channel water of reservoirs digging wells to pump up ground water in order to relieve the drought in paddy fields.
China has been hit by record high monthly temperatures in large swaths of the country, along with droughts that have severely reduced hydroelectric production.
Experts say that is part of a trend linked to global warming.
Power rationing that forced factories in the southwest to shut down has been extended due to low water at hydroelectric dams, adding to losses from the hottest, driest summer in decades.

Video: The extent of China's extreme heat, drought

China has been hit by record high monthly temperatures in large swaths of the country, along with droughts that have severely reduced hydroelectric production.

Weeks of record heat and drought have shrunk China's largest freshwater lake and left the surrounding rice-producing areas under a serious water supply shortage.
Satellite images released by the Ministry of Natural Resources showed that Poyang Lake had fallen to about 600 square kilometres from nearly 4,000 square kilometres in April.
Jiangxi is one of the 13 major grain-producing provinces in China and the area around Poyang Lake is the main rice-producing area in the province.
The lake's water level continues to drop and the rice yield this year is at stake with the drought occurring during the grain filling and heading period, according to the local authorities.
Local authorities help farmers set up pipelines to channel the water from reservoirs by digging wells to pump up groundwater in order to relieve the drought in paddy fields.
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China has been hit by record-high monthly temperatures in large swathes of the country, along with droughts that have severely reduced hydroelectric production.
Experts say that is part of a trend linked to global warming.
Power rationing that forced factories in the southwest to shut down has been extended due to low water at hydroelectric dams, adding to losses from the hottest, driest summer in decades.

Authorities say more human remains have been found in Lake Mead, as water levels in the giant reservoir shrink during an unprecedented drought.
KTNV television reports that park rangers got a call Tuesday evening from someone who spotted the remains near a beach used for swimming.
Authorities continued searching the area on Wednesday.
They say this is the fifth set of human remains found in the lake as water levels have dropped.
Lake Mead was created by the Hoover Dam, near Las Vegas.

US lake hit by drought, authorities find remans of 5 humans 

Authorities got a call from someone who spotted the new remains near a beach used for swimming and a search was launched.&nbsp;

Authorities say more human remains have been found in Lake Mead, as water levels in the giant reservoir shrink during an unprecedented drought.
KTNV television reports that park rangers got a call Tuesday evening from someone who spotted the remains near a beach used for swimming.
Authorities continued searching the area on Wednesday.
They say this is the fifth set of human remains found in the lake as water levels have dropped.
Lake Mead was created by the Hoover Dam, near Las Vegas.
ALSO WATCH: <a href="https://www.editorji.com/world-news/germany-damaged-cargo-ship-blocks-traffic-at-drought-hit-rhine-1660787018367">Germany: damaged cargo ship blocks traffic at drought-hit Rhine</a>

A stranded cargo ship caused traffic to be halted Wednesday at the Rhine river in western Germany after suffering a technical fault, authorities said, at a time when water transport was already ailing from a drought.
The vessel is stuck at St Goar and Oberwesel, in between the cities of Mainz and Koblenz, water police said, adding that they were expecting to clear the stricken ship within the day.
The machine damage came as water levels in the Rhine had dropped to critical points at several locations, including at nearby Kaub -- a known bottleneck for shipping where the river runs narrow and shallow.
The gauge at Kaub stood at 34 cm (13 inches) on Wednesday, well below the 40-cm reference point.
While vessels are still able to navigate at low water levels, they are forced to reduce their loads to avoid the risk of running aground.
About four percent of freight is transported on waterways in Germany, including on the Rhine, which originates in Switzerland and runs through several countries including France and Germany before flowing into the sea in the Netherlands.
Transport on the Rhine has gained significance in recent months because among cargo moved on the river is coal, now all the more necessary as Germany seeks to wean itself off Russian gas.
Germany's biggest companies have already warned that major disruptions to river traffic could deal another blow to an economy already beset by logistical difficulties.
The 2018 drought, which saw the benchmark depth of the Rhine in Kaub drop to 25 cm in October, shrank German GDP by 0.2 percent that year, according to Deutsche Bank Research.
(AFP)

Germany: damaged cargo ship blocks traffic at drought-hit Rhine

A stranded cargo ship caused traffic to be halted Wednesday at the Rhine river in western Germany after suffering a technical fault, authorities said, at a time when water transport was already ailing from a drought.

The machine damage came as water levels in the Rhine had dropped to critical points at several locations.

A stranded cargo ship caused traffic to be halted Wednesday at the Rhine river in western Germany after suffering a technical fault, authorities said, at a time when water transport was already ailing from a drought.
The vessel is stuck at St Goar and Oberwesel, in between the cities of Mainz and Koblenz, water police said, adding that they were expecting to clear the stricken ship within the day.
The machine damage came as water levels in the Rhine had dropped to critical points at several locations, including at nearby Kaub -- a known bottleneck for shipping where the river runs narrow and shallow.
The gauge at Kaub stood at 34 cm (13 inches) on Wednesday, well below the 40-cm reference point.
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While vessels are still able to navigate at low water levels, they are forced to reduce their loads to avoid the risk of running aground.
About four percent of freight is transported on waterways in Germany, including on the Rhine, which originates in Switzerland and runs through several countries including France and Germany before flowing into the sea in the Netherlands.
Transport on the Rhine has gained significance in recent months because among cargo moved on the river is coal, now all the more necessary as Germany seeks to wean itself off Russian gas.
Germany's biggest companies have already warned that major disruptions to river traffic could deal another blow to an economy already beset by logistical difficulties.
The 2018 drought, which saw the benchmark depth of the Rhine in Kaub drop to 25 cm in October, shrank German GDP by 0.2 percent that year, according to Deutsche Bank Research.
(AFP)

A megadrought - persisting for the last 20 years. The most severe dry period in over a thousand years. This is what America's southwest has been struggling with, and the end is not yet in sight.
The worst-hit states include California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Oregon, and Montana in the West. In the South, the driest places are in Texas, and Oklahoma.
At least six of these states have issued drought emergency declarations, and the federal US government ordered water restrictions along the Colorado river. Experts believe that the drought is so severe that even one year with high rainfall won't be enough to remedy the situation.
ALSO WATCH | Europe heatwave: Firefighters in Spain struggle to contain wildfires
So, what's causing this scary megadrought?
The causes include lower rainfall in the southwest region, combined with exceptionally high temperatures. Adverse ocean dynamics in the tropical Pacific also have a role to play. Additionally, the natural phenomena are exacerbated by climate change.
The consequences are obvious - from lack of access to water for various uses, to lower food production, and a hit on living conditions in cities and towns.
The drought has severely reduced surface and groundwater levels.The soil has become dry, and wildfire risk has increased dangerously.Rivers and lakes are drying up with reduced stream flow and low snow coverage.
With the situation becoming more grave every year, what are authorities doing?
The Mayor of Los Angeles in California promised in 2019 to recycle 100% waste water by the year 2035. A $3.4 billion water recycling facility has also been proposed. The plant is so advanced that it would even make waste water safe to drink, as per reports.
In the city of Las Vegas in Nevada, 99% waste water from indoor use is treated and put into Lake Mead, which supplies 90% of the authority's water supply. The city has also banned "non-functional turf".
In California's San Diego, subsidies are provided to people investing in water-efficiency technologies. The city also has America's largest desalination plant. 8% waste water is also recycled for non-drinking uses like agriculture.
In Phoenix, Arizona, 100% waste water is reportedly recycled for various uses. Treated water is used for farming, energy production, urban irrigation, groundwater replenishment etc.
With concrete action against climate change still missing, India might be staring at a similar situation in the future. IPCC reports have warned of a 5-20% increase in drought conditions in India and surrounding regions by middle of the 21st century.
Staring at such a grim future, it might be time for India to learn from experiences of other places like the US to prepare for prolonged periods of water scarcity.

USA: 20-year mega-drought, worst in 1,200 years, continues; water scarcity lessons for India?

At least six US states in the southwest issued drought emergency declarations, and the federal US government ordered water restrictions along the Colorado river.

A megadrought - persisting for the last 20 years. The most severe dry period in over a thousand years. This is what America's southwest has been struggling with, and the end is not yet in sight.
The worst-hit states include California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Oregon, and Montana in the West. In the South, the driest places are in Texas, and Oklahoma.
At least six of these states have issued drought emergency declarations, and the federal US government ordered water restrictions along the Colorado river. Experts believe that the drought is so severe that even one year with high rainfall won't be enough to remedy the situation.
ALSO WATCH | <a href="https://www.editorji.com/world-news/europe-heatwave-firefighters-in-spain-struggle-to-contain-wildfires-1655691563933" target="_blank">Europe heatwave: Firefighters in Spain struggle to contain wildfires</a>
So, what's causing this scary megadrought?
The causes include lower rainfall in the southwest region, combined with exceptionally high temperatures. Adverse ocean dynamics in the tropical Pacific also have a role to play. Additionally, the natural phenomena are exacerbated by climate change.
The consequences are obvious - from lack of access to water for various uses, to lower food production, and a hit on living conditions in cities and towns.
The drought has severely reduced surface and groundwater levels. The soil has become dry, and wildfire risk has increased dangerously. Rivers and lakes are drying up with reduced stream flow and low snow coverage.
With the situation becoming more grave every year, what are authorities doing?
The Mayor of Los Angeles in California promised in 2019 to recycle 100% waste water by the year 2035. A $3.4 billion water recycling facility has also been proposed. The plant is so advanced that it would even make waste water safe to drink, as per reports.
In the city of Las Vegas in Nevada, 99% waste water from indoor use is treated and put into Lake Mead, which supplies 90% of the authority's water supply. The city has also banned "non-functional turf".
In California's San Diego, subsidies are provided to people investing in water-efficiency technologies. The city also has America's largest desalination plant. 8% waste water is also recycled for non-drinking uses like agriculture.
In Phoenix, Arizona, 100% waste water is reportedly recycled for various uses. Treated water is used for farming, energy production, urban irrigation, groundwater replenishment etc.
With concrete action against climate change still missing, India might be staring at a similar situation in the future. IPCC reports have warned of a 5-20% increase in drought conditions in India and surrounding regions by middle of the 21st century.
Staring at such a grim future, it might be time for India to learn from experiences of other places like the US to prepare for prolonged periods of water scarcity.

drought

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