Farmers faced off with riot police in Brussels streets paralysed by tractors on Monday, as EU ministers huddled to try to streamline rules and reduce red tape fuelling protests across the bloc.
An estimated 900 tractors brought the city's European quarter to a halt for the second time in a month as farmers lit fireworks, burned tyres, hurled eggs and sprayed manure on police, who fired water cannon and tear gas to press them back.
While there were no reports of injuries, the standoff was a tense new show of force in the Europe-wide farmers' movement, spurred by what they see as excessive EU environmental requirements and unfairly cheap imports.
Agriculture ministers from the 27-nation bloc were in Brussels to examine proposals for simplifying the EU's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), in a new attempt to try to assuage farmers.
But for the protesters in Brussels, who came from Spain, Portugal and Italy as well as Belgium, none of it felt like enough.
"It's their responsibility to talk to us," said Marieke Van de Vivere, who came to protest against green regulations she says are strangling her family farm.
"When our horse poops, we have to tell them how much it poops, we have to pay for the horse that poops, we have to tell them what happens with the poop of the horse -- where it goes, what day," she said.
"It's too crazy to explain."
Adoracion Blanque, of the Spanish young farmers' association, had a similar message.
"There are so many demands and bureaucracy that we farmers cannot continue producing," she told AFP.
The rolling farmer protests, which saw French President Emmanuel Macron angrily heckled over the weekend, have unnerved EU leaders concerned they could prove a boon for the far right at European Parliament elections in June.
Brussels has given ground with a string of concessions in recent weeks.
These include an extended suspension of rules on leaving land fallow and safeguards to stop Ukrainian imports flooding the market under a tariff-free scheme introduced after Russia's 2022 invasion.
In the short term, the latest European Commission proposals could further lift environmental constraints by easing demands for former livestock farmers to convert their land into grassland.
The commission also envisions cutting the number of on-site farm inspections by 50 percent and granting leeway to farmers who fail to meet CAP requirements because of extreme weather.
"These measures will be a very first step towards answering people's concerns, but it is not enough," Belgium's agriculture minister David Clarinval, whose country holds the rotating EU presidency, told reporters after the meeting.
He said EU states urged the commission to "rapidly supplement them with new and more ambitious measures".