Active, Recovered, and Deceased Covid-19 cases in India

Checkout how active Covid-19 cases in India seem to fall, indicating, hopefully that the peak is over.

State-wise Active Covid-19 Cases in India

Checkout how different states' active Covid-19 cases have changed since March to end of October.

Chat Session with Lakshmi Menon - The story behind Pure Living

Part 1 of the Interview with Miss Lakshmi Menon Known as the queen of recycling, she was behind chekutty dolls, which were a source of hope during Kerala Floods and Shayya Mattress, made from left-over waste of PPE Manufacturing process. Women living in old age homes and orphanages make Wicks, used for lighting lamps. This is the core concept of Wicksdom, which gives them their livelihood, with dignity. She&rsquo;s also known for &ldquo;Pen with love&rdquo;, which are plantable pens made of paper with seeds that grows into a tree once disposed. The initiative gives employment rural women, who have the flexibility to do work from home to make pens. The "pen drive" campaign resulted in collecting a million plastic pens within a month.

BrahMos: Successful Test Fire & History | Summachar

SUCCESSFUL TEST FIRE 18 October, 2020: India successfully test fired BrahMos supersonic cruise missile Launched from INS Chennai - stealth destroyer ship made in India BrahMos has &ldquo;land, air and naval variants&rdquo;
 Recent test was for the naval variant - range of 290 kilometres Struck the target &ldquo;with pin-point accuracy after performing high-level and extremely complex manoeuvres&rdquo; Developed jointly by India and Russia
TESTS ON A ROLL India has successfully tested 11 missiles in last 2 months. Notable successful tests: 1. 30 Sept: Tested Brahmos (surface to surface) - target range of 400 km 2. 1 Oct: Tested the Laser-Guided Anti Tank Guided Missile (ATGM) 3. 3 Oct: Tested Shaurya - hypersonic indigenous missile capable of carrying nuclear warheads 4. 10 Oct: Tested Rudram-1 - first &ldquo;indigenous anti-radiation missile&rdquo; of India
 FEATURES OF BRAHMOS Fastest supersonic cruise missile in the world Top speed: Mach 2.8 (~3450 km/h) - around thrice the speed of sound Range: 290 km - increased in latest upgrade to 400-450 km Cruising altitude: Upto 15 km Warhead capacity: 200 to 300 kg Length: 8.4m
HISTORY OF BRAHMOS MISSILE
BRAHMOS Supersonic cruise missile developed by BrahMos Aerospace
BrahMos AEROSPACE Joint venture between Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) of India and NPO Mashinostroyenia (NPOM) of Russia
Formed in 1988 after India and Russia signed &ldquo;Intergovernmental&rdquo; agreement Signed by Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam from Indian side Missile derives its name from BRAHmaputra and MOSkva rivers of India and Russia respectively
2008: BrahMos Aerospace acquired &lsquo;Keltec&rsquo; (state-owned Indian firm) Aimed to manufacture BrahMos components indigenously 10-12% of missile components made in India initially Increased to 65% as of 2018
First successful test launch of Brahmos in 2001 - fired from a stationary launcher 2005: First BrahMos missile inducted - inducted in Indian Navy with INS Rajput
2010: Became the first cruise missile to be tested at supersonic speed in &ldquo;steep-dive&rdquo; mode in the world Land, submarine, warship variants have been successfully tested
2019: Sukhoi-30 fighter jet variant testedInducted Sukhoi 30-MKI fighter aircraft (equipped with BrahMos) in the Indian Air Force Jan 2020: Sukhoi 30-MKI fighter aircraft (equipped with BrahMos) inducted in the Indian Air Force
DID YOU KNOW? AGNI V IS INDIA&rsquo;S FIRST INTER CONTINENTAL BALLISTIC MISSILE It can travel upto 5,800 kilometres - roughly till the northern parts of China

Nobel in Economics: What Is Auction Theory? | Summachar

NOBEL PRIZE Paul R. Milgrom and Robert B. Wilson were awarded Nobel Prize in Economics in 2020 for improving the auction theory So far, the Nobel Prize in Economics has been awarded 51 times - 89 laureates have been honored Last year Indian-American economist, Abhijit Vinayak Banerjee, his wife Esther Duflo, and Michael Kremer won Nobel Prize in Economics for &ldquo;their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty&rdquo;
WHAT ARE AUCTIONS? Auctions are all around us. It won&rsquo;t be an understatement to say IPL has acquainted most of us to auctions. It is a process where people bid to purchase any goods and services In Economics, it is considered one of the efficient mechanisms for distributing resources Moreover, internet platforms have made auctions very dynamic and bidding process very easy
 UNDERSTANDING SOME TERMS COMMON VALUE Common value is inferred as the true value of the product that is perceived to be same for everyone Therefore, the actual value of the product is same for all bidders Example: Spectrum auction, drilling auction
PRIVATE VALUE It is referred to as the independent valuation of the product Each bidder has different &lsquo;perceived value&rsquo; of the product
ENGLISH AUCTION In English auction, bidding starts with low prices and increases over time Example: IPL Auctions
DUTCH AUCTION Bidding starts with a high price and descends over time The price descends until someone is ready to buy the item or if it reaches a predetermined reserve price
AUCTION THEORY Auction Theory was first academically presented by William Vickrey, who developed the Vickrey Auction and even won the Nobel Prize in 1996 for advanced work in auction theory. Auction Theory focuses on three main features of auctions: 1. Type of bidding, number of times one can bid and pricing 2. How the information a bidder has about the object affects the auction 3. How bidders value auctioned object
Vickrey&rsquo;s auction was a closed-bid auction in which no bids were disclosed. In it, the highest bidder (winner) pays the second highest price. Winner&rsquo;s curse is a phenomenon in which a person for whom the private value of a product is higher may end up paying much higher than the actual value Wilson showed how bidders&rsquo; attempts to escape winner&rsquo;s curse may result in lower revenue for seller or failure of the auction Milgrom&rsquo;s work showed that bidders get leverage when they have information
EXTENSION TO AUCTION THEORY Milgrom and Wilson extended the English Auction format to more than one item, and multiple rounds and named it Simultaneous Multi-Round Format In this format bidders can bid for multiple items in each round At the end of a round, the highest bid and the bidder on each item is declared Sometimes all the bids are disclosed after a round, or sometimes only highest bids are disclosed (like closed-bid auction of Vickrey) - depends on the auction rules or activity rules Auction ends when there is no one raising the bid. The highest bidders for each item then receive it for the bid price.
IMPLICATION Robert Wilson and Paul Milgrom showed application of Auction Theory They designed auction strategy for allocating radio spectrums to telecom operators in 1994 in US It proved to be beneficial to all the three stakeholders i.e. government, telecom companies and public Between 1994-2014, US government earned $120 billion using their Auction model This strategy is widely used across countries and across sectors such as electricity and natural gas, which require efficient allocation due to their limited supply
DID YOU KNOW? THE WORD "AUCTION" IS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN &lsquo;AUCTUM&rsquo; MEANING, I INCREASE For most of history, auctions have been a relatively uncommon way to negotiate the exchange of goods and commodities. The practice picked up after the 17th Century

Discovery of Hepatitis C by 2020 Medicine Nobel Laureates | Summachar

DISCOVERY OF HEPATITIS C BY 2020 MEDICINE NOBEL LAUREATES
WHAT IS THE HEPATITIS VIRAL? It is an inflammation of the liver. The condition can progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis or liver cancer. It is characterised by yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes.
HOW MANY TYPES OF HEPATITIS VIRUS ARE THERE? Five - Hepatitis A and E are caused by intaking contaminated food or water. Hepatitis B, C and D occur as a result of bodily contact with infected fluids via invasive medical equipments like syringes.
HOW FATAL IS HEPATITIS C? WHO estimates there are more than 70 million cases of hepatitis worldwide and 400,000 deaths each year. Hepatitis C causes spider-like blood vessels on the skin (spider angiomas), fatigue and bloating.
HOW DID THEY DISCOVER HEPATITIS C? Harvey J. Alter, one of the laureates, was studying hepatitis in patients who had received blood transfusions. Tests for Hepatitis A and B infections showed that they were not the cause and the mysterious new illness was termed &ldquo;non-A, non-B&rdquo; hepatitis.
THEN WHAT HAPPENED? The new virus couldn&rsquo;t be isolated for several years using traditional techniques for virus isolation. So Michael Houghton and his team created a collection of DNA fragments from the blood of an infected chimpanzee and found a virus belonging to Flavivirus family and named it Hepatitis C.
WHAT ABOUT CHARLES RICE? Charles generated an RNA variant of the virus and injected it into the liver of chimpanzees, via genetic engineering. The virus was then detected in the blood and the chimpanzees exhibited changes similar to those seen in humans infected with the disease.
WHY IS THE AWARD IMPORTANT? The Nobel Committee chose to recognize the work done by virologists, whose discoveries led to the development of antiviral treatments that can now cure about 95% of hepatitis C patients. It would also boost the morale of researchers working in the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-COV-2 virus.
IS HEPATITIS C CURABLE? Yes, Hepatitis C is curable, if treated using direct acting antiviral (DAA) tablets. The doctor assesses the patient&rsquo;s liver, to check the severity of damage , either with a blood test or a fibroscan and assigns the dosage of DAA accordingly.
DID YOU KNOW? BOCEPREVIR IS A PROTEASE INHIBITOR USED TO TREAT HEPATITIS CAUSED BY HEPATITIS C VIRUS. It was initially developed by Schering-Plough, then by Merck after it acquired Schering in 2009. It was approved by the FDA in May 2011.

Nobel Feature: Rewriting The Code Of Life With CRISPR-CAS9 | Summachar

WHAT IS CRISPR? Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) are pieces of DNA that bacteria snip off from viruses that once attacked them. It is a system that allows for adding, altering and deleting the genomic code in living beings.
ARE THEY LIKE MEMORY CELLS? Memory cells can speedily produce relevant antibodies to neutralise a repeat infection by a virus. Eg: T-cells in body of a Covid-19 patient. Similarly, CRISPR pieces are a part of bacteria&rsquo;s immunological system, to recognise threatening viruses.
WHAT DOES CAS9 DO? The bacteria produces a customised RNA, which is necessary to translate DNA into protein. One of these enzyme, Cas9, is used to cut off the DNA from the virus and destroy it.
CHANGE DNA OF ALL LIVING BEINGS? Yes, researchers can change the DNA of animals, plants and microorganisms with accuracy. Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna, the new nobel prize winners in Chemistry, studied this.
HOW DID THEY FIND OUT? While studying Streptococcus pyogenes, a bacteria species associated with illnesses like scarlet fever. A previously unknown molecule, tracrRNA, was discovered, as a part of bacteria&rsquo;s ancient immune system, that disarms viruses by cleaving their DNA.
FELUDA USES CRISPR/CAS9 Earlier this year, the CSIR-Institute in Delhi developed a Covid-19 testing kit based on CRISPR and nicknamed it &lsquo;Feluda&rsquo;, after Satyajit Ray&rsquo;s fictional detective character.
WHAT&rsquo;S MORE TO LOOK FORWARD TO? CRISPR Therapeutics also had 2 patients with beta thalassemia and one with sickle cell disease, that they said would no longer require blood transfusions after their bone marrow stem cells were edited using CRISPR.
SHOULD THERE BE ETHICS OF EDITING? Yes, the scientific community believes so in order to prevent misuse. Like the infamous 2018 case, where a Chinese researcher, He Jiankui, served jail time for creating &lsquo;gene-edited twins&rsquo; Lula and Nana via in-vitro fertilisation.
DID YOU KNOW? DNA&nbsp;Origami is the nanoscale folding of DNA&nbsp;to create non-arbitrary 2 and 3-dimensional shapes at nanoscale.&nbsp;The idea of using DNA as a construction material was first introduced in the early 1980s.

Understanding the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics | Summachar

EARLY HISTORY OF BLACK HOLES In the 18th century, John Michell and Pierre-Simon Laplace speculated that dense, invisible, dark stars could have high gravity that did not let even light escape. In the 19th century, Karl Schwarzschild further found a feature of these &lsquo;stars&rsquo;, later called event horizon of these black holes.
SO WHAT IS AN EVENT HORIZON? It is linked to the object's escape velocity - the speed needed to escape the black hole's gravitational pull. The closer something gets to a black hole, the greater speed is needed to escape that massive gravity. The event horizon is the boundary of the black hole where the escape velocity exceeds speed of light.
THEN WHAT HAPPENED? In the 1930s, an Indian researcher, B. Datt, and separately, Robert Oppenheimer and Hartland Snyder, made the first calculations of the gravitational collapse of a star, with the assumption of spherical symmetry.
WHAT IS SPHERICAL SYMMETRY IN PHYSICS? It means a uniform sphere rotated about its center will appear exactly as it did before the rotation. Thus, the axis of the sphere or in this case, a star, will preserve how it "looks".
WHAT DID ROGER PENROSE DISCOVER? One of the three laureates of 2020, Penrose conceptualised the formation of black holes having different symmetries, via Penrose-Stephen Hawking singularity theorem, and can also be confirmed by Einstein&rsquo;s General Theory of Relativity.
WHAT IS SINGULARITY? At the center of a black hole the gravity is so strong that, space-time becomes distorted and the curvature becomes infinite, beyond which physics no longer exists - this is the singularity.&nbsp;Penrose showed that if light becomes trapped inside such a region and cannot escape, stars will collapse and form a black hole.
WHAT IS A SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE? It is the largest type of black hole, with mass on the order of millions to billions of times the mass of the Sun. Eg: Abell 85, that packs the mass of 40 billion Suns.
BLACK HOLE AT THE CENTER OF MILKY WAY The other two laureates, Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez observed 30 stars, for nearly 3 decades. They found that the stars move in perfect elliptical orbits around a point. It was deduced that it is a supermassive black hole with a mass of about 4 million suns.
WHAT&rsquo;S THE INDIAN CONNECTION? Kolkata-born physicist Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri. The Landau&ndash;Raychaudhuri equation proves that gravitation is a universal attractive force between any two bits of mass-energy. This equation is a fundamental lemma for Penrose&ndash;Hawking singularity theorems.
DID YOU KNOW? Kip&nbsp;Thorne identifies the Golden Age of General Relativity as the period roughly from 1960 to 1975.&nbsp;During this period, many of the concepts and terms which continue to inspire the imagination of gravitation researchers were introduced, including black holes.

Who Are The 2020 Nobel Prize Winners? | Summachar

Hello and welcome to another exciting video of Summachar.
In this video, we will look at laureates bestowed with the honour of the Nobel Prize this year for being recognized for their positive contributions to the society.
Dr. Harvey J. Alter, Michael Houghton and Charles M. Rice won the 2020 Nobel Prize in Medicine for discovery of the Hepatitis C virus. The committee said that they had &ldquo;made possible blood tests and new medicines that have saved lives.&rdquo;
Hepatitis C is a blood-borne pathogen affecting 71 million people worldwide and it can cause severe liver inflammation, or hepatitis. It is typically transmitted through shared or reused needles and syringes, infected blood transfusions and sexual practices that lead to blood exposure.
Roger Penrose, Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez received 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for improving the understanding of the universe, including work on Black Holes.
Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A. Doudna received 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for development of CRISPR-Cas9, a method for genome editing, that can help to cure sickle cell disease and congenital blindness.
CRISPR uses a family of genomes of prokaryotic organisms like bacteria, to detect and destroy similar bacteria during subsequent infections. Thus it can edit DNA in human cells via a petri dish.
Poet and Essayist, Louise Gl&uuml;ck received the Nobel Prize in Literature 2020 for &ldquo;her unmistakable poetic voice&rdquo;. She has already won the Pulitzer prize and the National Book Award, for tackling themes like childhood and family life, often reworking Greek and Roman myths.
The World Food Programme has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for 2020, for its impressive efforts to combat food crisis in the Covid-19 pandemic. By honouring this program, the Nobel Committee has also sent a message to governments around the world, to not cut financial contributions to international humanitarian groups.
Paul R. Milgrom and Robert B. Wilson have been awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, for 2020, for inventing new auction formats for the sale of goods and services and improving the existing auction theory.
Did you know? John Nash is the only person to be awarded both the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences and the Abel Prize. He was a mathematician who made fundamental contributions to Game Theory, and Differential Geometry. His theories are widely used in Economics.

What Is The Nobel Prize? | Summachar

Hello and welcome to another exciting video of Summachar!
Whether you are a Science or Literature enthusiast or even a crusader for Peace, you must have definitely heard about the famous Nobel Prize. In this video we will know the story of its origin.
Nobel Prize is set of prestigious, annual international awards, bestowed in recognition of academic, cultural, or scientific advances.
Swedish chemist, engineer and industrialist Alfred Nobel had mentioned in his will that these international prizes be established.
They were formally established in 1895.
Alfred wrote that the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences was to take charge of the physics and chemistry prizes, the Karolinska Institute for the medicine prize, the Swedish Academy for the literature prize and Parliament of Norway for the peace prize.
Economic Sciences award was established in 1968 by a donation from Sweden's central bank.
Technically it is not considered a Nobel Prize because it wasn&rsquo;t mentioned in Alfred&rsquo;s will. However, it is administered by the Nobel Foundation itself, in the same ceremony as the Nobel Prize.
Apart from being recognized for their positive contributions to the betterment of society, Nobel Laureates are honoured with a medal, a diploma, and prize money of 9 million Swedish Krona or around $1 million USD as of 2020.

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