Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens found Mars' southern polar cap, revealing new insights into the Red Planet's geography and climate.
The British Parliament passed the East India Company Act, tightening government control over the company's affairs.
Harry Brearley of Sheffield, England, invents stainless steel, revolutionizing materials with rust-resistant alloys.
Japanese forces initiated the Battle of Shanghai in 1937, marking the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War.
Construction of the Berlin Wall begins, dividing East and West Berlin, marking a pivotal moment in Cold War history.
Michael Phelps clinches 3 gold in a day at the Beijing Olympics - in 200m I/M, 200m butterfly, 4x200m freestyle relay - all in world record time.